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(American Journal of Botany. 2009;96:336-348.) doi: 10.3732/ajb.0800079 © 2009 Botanical Society of America, Inc.

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Polyploidy and angiosperm diversification¹

² Department of Botany, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 USA ³ University at Buffalo (SUNY), 109 Cooke Hall, Buffalo, New York 14260-1300 USA ⁴ Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 USA ⁵ Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148 USA ⁶ Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 USA ⁷ Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5 ⁸ Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5 ⁹ Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 USA ¹⁰ Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 USA

ABSTRACT

Polyploidy has long been recognized as a major force in angiosperm evolution. Recent genomic investigations not only indicate that polyploidy is ubiquitous among angiosperms, but also suggest several ancient genome-doubling events. These include ancient whole genome duplication (WGD) events in basal angiosperm lineages, as well as a proposed paleohexaploid event that may have occurred close to the eudicot divergence. However, there is currently no evidence for WGD in Amborella, the putative sister species to other extant angiosperms. The question is no longer "What proportion of angiosperms are polyploid?", but "How many episodes of polyploidy characterize any given lineage?" New algorithms provide promise that ancestral genomes can be reconstructed for deep divergences (e.g., it may be possible to reconstruct the ancestral eudicot or even the ancestral angiosperm genome). Comparisons of diversification rates suggest that genome doubling may have led to a dramatic increase in species richness in several angiosperm lineages, including Poaceae, Solanaceae, Fabaceae, and Brassicaceae. However, additional genomic studies are needed to pinpoint the exact phylogenetic placement of the ancient polyploidy events within these lineages and to determine when novel genes resulting from polyploidy have enabled adaptive radiations.

Key Words: angiosperm diversification • genome doubling • polyploidy • whole genome duplication

Received for publication 27 February 2008. Accepted for publication 2 July 2008.

FOOTNOTES

¹ The authors thank M. Wojciechowski, J. Doyle, and D. Olmstead for helpful information regarding phylogeny and genome duplication within Fabaceae and Solanaceae and A. Chanderbali and S. Clifton for use of unpublished Amborella EST data. They also thank C. Pires and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on the manuscript. This work was supported in part by the Angiosperm Assembling the Tree of Life grant (NSF EF-0431266), the Deep Time RCN (NSF DEB-0090283), and the Ancestral Angiosperm Genome Project (NSF PGR-0638595).

¹¹ Author for correspondence (e-mail: dsoltis{at}botany.ufl.edu)

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