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First published online December 18, 2009; doi:10.3732/ajb.0900160 American Journal of Botany 97: 111-122 (2010) © 2010 Botanical Society of America, Inc.

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Genetic structure and breeding system of a rare understory herb, Dysosma versipellis (Berberidaceae), from temperate deciduous forests in China¹

² College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China ³ Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education and State Conservation Center for Gene Resources of Endangered Wildlife, Hangzhou 310058, China ⁴ Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences 100093, Beijing, China ⁵ Department of Organismic Biology, Salzburg University, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria

ABSTRACT

To evaluate the role of Quaternary refugial isolation in allopatric (incipient) speciation of East Asian temperate forest biotas, we analyzed amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) and the breeding system in Dysosma versipellis. The study revealed that D. versipellis is mostly self-incompatible, genetically highly subdivided and depauperate at the population level (e.g., _ST = 0.572/H_E = 0.083), and characterized by a low pollen-to-seed migration ratio (r 4.0). The latter outcome likely reflects limited pollen flow in a low-seed disperser whose hypothesized "sapromyophilous" flowers undergo scarce, inefficient, and likely specialized cross-pollination by small Anoplodera beetles, rather than carrion flies as assumed previously. In consequence, fruit set in D. versipellis was strongly pollen-limited. Our AFLP data support the hypothesis of a long-standing cessation of gene flow between western and central eastern populations, consistent with previous chloroplast DNA data. This phylogeographic pattern supports the role of the Sichuan Basin as a floristic boundary separating the Sino-Himalayan vs. Sino-Japanese Forest subkingdoms. Our genetic data of D. versipellis also imply that temperate deciduous forest elements to the west and the east of this basin responded differently to Quaternary climate change, which may have triggered or is leading to allopatric (incipient) speciation.

Key Words: AFLP • Berberidaceae • breeding system • Dysosma versipellis • phylogeography • pollination • Quaternary

Received for publication 2 June 2009. Accepted for publication 21 September 2009.

FOOTNOTES

¹ This research was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (no. 2007CB411600), the National Science Foundation of China (no. 30570177), the Zhejiang Key Project of Scientific and Technical Programs (no. 2006C13077), and the National Key Project of Scientific and Technical Supporting Programs Funded by Ministry of Science & Technology of China (no. 2008BAC39B05). The authors thank Mr. Hailong Liu (Zhejiang University), Mr. Xianqun Gui (Tiantangzhai Nature Reserve, Anhui Province), and Mr. Zehong Li (Institute of Nature Resource, Sichuan Province) for assistance in the field, Dr. Yin-Quan Liu (Zhejiang University) for help in identifying insect visitors, and Dr. Carol Goodwillie (AJB Associate Editor) and two anonymous referees for valuable advice and comments that substantially improved the manuscript.

⁶ Author for correspondence (e-mail: qyxhero{at}zju.edu.cn)

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