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First published online August 26, 2009; doi:10.3732/ajb.0900004 American Journal of Botany 96: 1731-1743 (2009) © 2009 Botanical Society of America, Inc. |
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Systematics and Phytogeography |
2 Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 USA 3 Department of Biology, Box 8042, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia 30460 USA 4 Department of Biology, University of University of Missouri-St. Louis, 8001 Natural Bridge Road, St. Louis, Missouri 63121 USA 5 Section of Evolution and Ecology, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616 USA
ABSTRACT
Bignoniaceae are woody, trees, shrubs, and lianas found in all tropical floras of the world with lesser representation in temperate regions. Phylogenetic analyses of chloroplast sequences (rbcL, ndhF, trnL-F) were undertaken to infer evolutionary relationships in Bignoniaceae and to revise its classification. Eight clades are recognized as tribes (Bignonieae, Catalpeae, Coleeae, Crescentieae, Jacarandeae, Oroxyleae, Tecomeae, Tourrettieae); additional inclusive clades are named informally. Jacarandeae and Catalpeae are resurrected; the former is sister to the rest of the family, and the latter occupies an unresolved position within the "core" Bignoniaceae. Tribe Eccremocarpeae is included in Tourrettieae. Past classifications recognized a large Tecomeae, but this tribe is paraphyletic with respect to all other tribes. Here Tecomeae are reduced to a clade of approximately 12 genera with a worldwide distribution in both temperate and tropical ecosystems. Two large clades, Bignonieae and Crescentiina, account for over 80% of the species in the family. Coleeae and Crescentieae are each included in larger clades, the Paleotropical alliance and Tabebuia alliance, respectively; each alliance includes a grade of taxa assigned to the traditional Tecomeae. Parsimony inference suggests that the family originated in the neotropics, with at least five dispersal events leading to the Old World representatives.
Key Words: Bignoniaceae • biogeography • chloroplast DNA • classification • molecular systematics • ndhF • phylogeny • rbcL • trnL-F
Received for publication 2 January 2009. Accepted for publication 9 April 2009.
FOOTNOTES
1 The authors thank the curators and staff of the herbaria GH, MO, UC, US and botanical gardens Jardin Botanico Nacional de Cuba, Huntington Botanical Gardens, Matthaei Botanical Gardens, Missouri Botanical Garden, Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, University of California Botanical Garden, and Waimea Botanical Garden for providing material for this research. They also thank M. Chase, J. Clark, G. dos Santos, D. Folsom, A. Gentry, and G. Schatz for assistance in obtaining material and P. Reeves for assistance in the laboratory. This work was supported by NSF grants DEB-9509804, DEB-9727025, and DEB-0309065 to R.G.O. and S.O.G.; NSF grants DEB-9423577, DBI-9804155, and DBI-IBN-0107907 to M.L.Z.; and NSF grant DEB-0073052 to L.G.L.
6 Author for correspondence (olmstead{at}u.washington.edu)
7 Present address: Dean of Undergraduate Studies, Asian University for Women, AUW Support Foundation, 1100 Massachusetts Ave., Suite 300, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 USA
8 Present address: Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Botânica, Caixa Postal 11461 05422-970, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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