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(American Journal of Botany. 2009;96:1571-1580.) doi: 10.3732/ajb.0800302 © 2009 Botanical Society of America, Inc.

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Population structure and phylogeography of the mistletoes Tristerix corymbosus and T. aphyllus (Loranthaceae) using chloroplast DNA sequence variation¹

² Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois 62901-6509 USA ³ Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA (Conicet-Universidad Nacional del Comahue), Quintral 1250 (8400) Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina

ABSTRACT

The mistletoe Tristerix corymbosus (Loranthaceae) is present in the temperate forest and Chilean matorral biomes of Chile and northwest Patagonia. The closely related cactus-specific species, T. aphyllus, occurs only in the matorral biome. The population structure of these mistletoes was examined to determine whether the distribution of haplotypes corresponds mostly to geographic zone, biome, or other biotic factors. Samples from 108 individuals in 26 localities of T. corymbosus and 13 individuals in four localities of T. aphyllus were collected. Sequences were obtained from two chloroplast genome regions: the atpB-rbcL spacer and the trnL-F region. Haplotypes were analyzed using parsimony and Bayesian trees as well as parsimony networks. All methods placed the haplotypes in four clades, one of which corresponded to T. aphyllus and the others to T. corymbosus. Within T. corymbosus, the different clades did not correlate with biome, geographical region, host, or any apparent morphological feature of the mistletoe. The morphologically distinct cactus parasite T. aphyllus likely arose in sympatry from an unspecialized tree parasite, T. corymbosus, after a host switch. The present day haplotype distribution is complex and resulted from post-glaciation migrations from multiple Pleistocene refugia.

Key Words: atpB-rbcL spacer • cpDNA • glacial refugia • historical biogeography • host • Loranthaceae • parasitic plants • seed dispersal • South America • Tristerix

Received for publication 4 September 2008. Accepted for publication 31 March 2009.

FOOTNOTES

¹ The authors thank L. Amico, M. Nuñez, M. Rodríguez-Cabal, L. Suarez, C. Smith-Ramirez, and N. Tercero Bucardo for help obtaining specimens. They especially thank R. Vidal-Russell for her help in the field and laboratory and for discussions that improved the manuscript. M. Aizen, K. Ibrahim, O. Moya, A. Premoli, and two anonymous reviewers greatly improved an earlier draft of the manuscript with their useful comments. Corporación Nacional Forestal (Chile), Universidad Austral, and Parques Nacionales (Argentina) are thanked for granting permits to collect these mistletoes. The authors thank S. Sipes for generously allowing use of her automated DNA sequencer. Financial support (to G.C.A.) was provided by a Ph.D. fellowship from Consejo Nacional de investigacion Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and the National Geographic Society, and grants from the National Science Foundation (to D.L.N.).

⁴ Author for correspondence (e-mail: gamico{at}crub.uncoma.edu.ar)

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