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(American Journal of Botany. 2009;96:1551-1570.)
doi: 10.3732/ajb.0800207
© 2009 Botanical Society of America, Inc.
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Systematics and Phytogeography

Malpighiales phylogenetics: Gaining ground on one of the most recalcitrant clades in the angiosperm tree of life1

Kenneth J. Wurdack2,4 and Charles C. Davis3,4

2 Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012 NMNH MRC-166, Washington, District of Columbia 20013-7012 USA 3 Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 USA

ABSTRACT

The eudicot order Malpighiales contains ~16000 species and is the most poorly resolved large rosid clade. To clarify phylogenetic relationships in the order, we used maximum likelihood, Bayesian, and parsimony analyses of DNA sequence data from 13 gene regions, totaling 15604 bp, and representing all three genomic compartments (i.e., plastid: atpB, matK, ndhF, and rbcL; mitochondrial: ccmB, cob, matR, nad1B-C, nad6, and rps3; and nuclear: 18S rDNA, PHYC, and newly developed low-copy EMB2765). Our sampling of 190 taxa includes representatives from all families of Malpighiales. These data provide greatly increased support for the recent additions of Aneulophus, Bhesa, Centroplacus, Ploiarium, and Rafflesiaceae to Malpighiales; sister relations of Phyllanthaceae + Picrodendraceae, monophyly of Hypericaceae, and polyphyly of Clusiaceae. Oxalidales + Huaceae, followed by Celastrales are successive sisters to Malpighiales. Parasitic Rafflesiaceae, which produce the world’s largest flowers, are confirmed as embedded within a paraphyletic Euphorbiaceae. Novel findings show a well-supported placement of Ctenolophonaceae with Erythroxylaceae + Rhizophoraceae, sister-group relationships of Bhesa + Centroplacus, and the exclusion of Medusandra from Malpighiales. New taxonomic circumscriptions include the addition of Bhesa to Centroplacaceae, Medusandra to Peridiscaceae (Saxifragales), Calophyllaceae applied to Clusiaceae subfamily Kielmeyeroideae, Peraceae applied to Euphorbiaceae subfamily Peroideae, and Huaceae included in Oxalidales.

Key Words: Centroplacaceae • classification • low-copy nuclear gene • Malpighiales • multigene analyses • Peridiscaceae • Rafflesiaceae • rapid radiation

Received for publication 24 June 2008. Accepted for publication 26 March 2009.

FOOTNOTES

1 The authors thank the following individuals and institutions for providing plant or DNA samples: M. Alford, P. Berry, M. Chase, D. Erickson, L. Gillespie, C. Parks, K. Redden, M. Simmons, Y.-L. Qiu, J. Wen, J. Wieringa, A, DUKE, FTG, K, L, MICH, MO, NY, US, and WAG. They have had valuable discussions with M. Alford, P. Endress, M. Matthews, M. Simmons, and P. Stevens. K. Han, M. Latvis, and Z. Xi are gratefully acknowledged for assisting with some of the labwork. Funding for this study came from National Science Foundation Assembling the Tree of Life grant DEB-0622764. Research by K.J.W. was also supported by the Smithsonian Institution and the Lewis B. and Dorothy Cullman Program for Molecular Systematic Studies at The New York Botanical Garden; and C.C.D. was also supported by the Michigan Society of Fellows, a Rackham Faculty grant from the University of Michigan, and by the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University.

4 Authors for correspondence (e-mail: wurdackk{at}si.edu; cdavis{at}oeb.harvard.edu)


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