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First published online May 7, 2009; doi:10.3732/ajb.0800080
American Journal of Botany 96: 1129-1137 (2009)
© 2009 Botanical Society of America, Inc.
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Population Biology

Local adaptation in European populations of Arabidopsis lyrata (Brassicaceae)1

Päivi H. Leinonen2,7, Saskia Sandring3, Bénédicte Quilot4, Maria J. Clauss5, Thomas Mitchell-Olds6, Jon Ågren3 and Outi Savolainen2

2 Department of Biology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FIN-90401 Oulu, Finland 3 Plant Ecology/Department of Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Villavägen 14, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden 4 INRA (L’Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), UR1052 Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes F-84143 Montfavet, France 5 Max Planck Institute of Chemical Ecology 07745 Jena, Germany 6 Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 USA

ABSTRACT

We studied local adaptation to contrasting environments using an organism that is emerging as a model for evolutionary plant biology—the outcrossing, perennial herb Arabidopsis lyrata subsp. petraea (Brassicaceae). With reciprocal transplant experiments, we found variation in cumulative fitness, indicating adaptive differentiation among populations. Nonlocal populations did not have significantly higher fitness than the local population. Experimental sites were located in Norway (alpine), Sweden (coastal), and Germany (continental). At all sites after one year, the local population had higher cumulative fitness, as quantified by survival combined with rosette area, than at least one of the nonlocal populations. At the Norwegian site, measurements were done for two additional years, and fitness differences persisted. The fitness components that contributed most to differences in cumulative fitness varied among sites. Relatively small rosette area combined with a large number of inflorescences produced by German plants may reflect differentiation in life history. The results of the current study demonstrate adaptive population differentiation in A. lyrata along a climatic gradient in Europe. The studied populations harbor considerable variation in several characters contributing to adaptive population differentiation. The wealth of genetic information available makes A. lyrata a highly attractive system also for examining the functional and genetic basis of local adaptation in plants.

Key Words: Arabidopsis lyrata • Brassicaceae • local adaptation • plant establishment • population differentiation • reciprocal transplant experiment

Received for publication 28 February 2008. Accepted for publication 27 January 2009.

FOOTNOTES

1 The authors thank A. Baker for help with the early part of this study; C. Leishman, M. Hyvärinen, J. Leppälä, N. Turion, M. Andersson, A-K Roos, S. Larsson, V. Coronel, and S. Dietel for field assistance; J. Oksanen for discussions on R and statistical issues; and three anonymous reviewers for valuable comments on earlier versions of this manuscript. The study was financially supported by grants from the Environment and Biosciences Research Council of Finland and the University of Oulu to O.S., from Formas and the Swedish Research Council to J.Å., and from the Swedish Royal Academy of Science and Uppsala University to S.S.

7 Author for correspondence (e-mail: paivi.h.leinonen{at}oulu.fi)


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