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(American Journal of Botany. 2009;96:989-1010.)
doi: 10.3732/ajb.0800291
© 2009 Botanical Society of America, Inc.
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Systematics and Phytogeography

A preliminary phylogeny of the ‘didymocarpoid Gesneriaceae’ based on three molecular data sets: Incongruence with available tribal classifications1

Michael Möller2,5, Martin Pfosser3,6, Chang-Gee Jang3,7, Veronika Mayer3, Alexandra Clark2, Michelle L. Hollingsworth2, Michael H. J. Barfuss3, Yin-Zheng Wang4, Michael Kiehn3 and Anton Weber3

2 Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, Scotland, UK 3 Faculty Centre of Biodiversity, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria 4 Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

ABSTRACT

The ‘didymocarpoid Gesneriaceae’ (traditional subfam. Cyrtandroideae excluding Epithemateae) are the largest group of Old World Gesneriaceae, comprising 85 genera and 1800 species. We attempt to resolve their hitherto poorly understood generic relationships using three molecular markers on 145 species, of which 128 belong to didymocarpoid Gesneriaceae. Our analyses demonstrate that consistent topological relationships can be retrieved from data sets with missing data using subsamples and different combinations of gene sequences. We show that all available classifications in Old World Gesneriaceae are artificial and do not reflect natural relationships. At the base of the didymocarpoids are grades of clades comprising isolated genera and small groups from Asia and Europe. These are followed by a clade comprising the African and Madagascan genera. The remaining clades represent the advanced Asiatic and Malesian genera. They include a major group with mostly twisted capsules. The much larger group of remaining genera comprises exclusively genera with straight capsules and the huge genus Cyrtandra with indehiscent fruits. Several genera such as Briggsia, Henckelia, and Chirita are not monophyletic; Chirita is even distributed throughout five clades. This degree of incongruence between molecular phylogenies, traditional classifications, and generic delimitations indicates the problems with classifications based on, sometimes a single, morphological characters.

Key Words: atpB-rbcL spacer • Bayesian inference analysis • ITS • maximum parsimony • molecular phylogeny • Old World Gesneriaceae • taxonomy • trnL-F intron-spacer

Received for publication 26 August 2008. Accepted for publication 12 December 2008.

FOOTNOTES

1 The authors thank the horticulturists at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, in particular, S. Scott, S. Barber, and A. Ansell; and A. Sieder at the Botanic Garden Vienna, for excellent work in maintaining and accurately curating the living Gesneriaceae collections. They are also grateful to staff at KIB for assistance with fieldwork, especially Dr. D. Z. Li and Dr. L. M. Gao, and for the provision of samples by Profs. Z. J. Gu and C. Q. Zhang (KIB). The work was carried out and is still continued in the frame of a multidisciplinary cooperation project between the University of Vienna (supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF)-proj. no. P-13107-Bio) and the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (RBGE). RBGE is supported by the Scottish Government Rural and Environment Research and Analysis Directorate (RERAD). Fieldwork of M.M. was supported by the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund, Oleg Polunin Memorial Fund, Davis Expedition Fund of the University of Edinburgh, and FWF.

5 Author for correspondence (e-mail: m.moeller{at}rbge.ac.uk)

6 Present address: Biology Centre Linz, Oberösterreichisches Landesmuseum, Johann Wilhelm Klein Straße 73, A-4040 Linz, Austria

7 Present address: Department of Biology Education, College of Education, Kongju National University, Gongju, Korea


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