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First published online April 16, 2009; doi:10.3732/ajb.0800231 American Journal of Botany 96: 1011-1019 (2009) © 2009 Botanical Society of America, Inc.

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Phylogenetic analysis of sexual systems in Inuleae (Asteraceae)¹

² Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, E-28933 Móstoles, Spain ³ Department of Phanerogamic Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. 50007 SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden

ABSTRACT

From an ancestor with bisexual flowers, plants with unisexual flowers, or even unisexual individuals have evolved in different lineages of angiosperms. The Asteraceae tribe Inuleae includes hermaphroditic, monoecious, dioecious, and gynomonoecious species. Gynomonoecy, the sexual system in which female and bisexual flowers occur on the same plant, is prevalent in the Asteraceae. We inferred one large gene phylogeny (ndhF) and two supertrees to investigate whether gynomonoecy was a stage in the evolution from hermaphroditism to monoecy. We identified transitions in sexual system evolution using the stochastic character mapping method. From gynomonoecious ancestors, both hermaphroditic and monoecious descendants have evolved. Gynomonoecy was not restricted to a stage in the evolution toward monoecy because the number of transitions and the rate of change from monoecy to gynomonoecy were much higher than the opposite. We also investigated one hypothesized association among female flowers and the development of a petaloid ray as an explanation of gynomonoecy maintenance in Asteraceae. We found that peripheral female flowers and petaloid rays were phylogenetically correlated. However, empirical evidence shows that a causal relationship between these traits is not clear.

Key Words: Asteraceae • dioecy • gynomonoecy • Inuleae • ray florets • sexual system • stochastic mapping • supertree

Received for publication 7 July 2008. Accepted for publication 29 December 2008.

FOOTNOTES

¹ The authors thank M. Méndez, M. G. Otálora, and L. DeSoto for discussions and valuable comments on a draft of this manuscript and S. McLoughlin for correcting the English. Two anonymous referees provided useful suggestions to improve the manuscript. The research was partly supported by project PPR-2004-53 from the Universidad Rey Juan Carlos. R.T. was funded by a FPU grant from the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia Español, and A.A. was funded by a grant from the Swedish Research Council.

⁴ Author for correspondence (e-mail: rubentorices{at}gmail.com)

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