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(American Journal of Botany. 2009;96:816-852.)
doi: 10.3732/ajb.0800185
© 2009 Botanical Society of America, Inc.
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Systematics and Phytogeography

Phylogeny of the tribe Indigofereae (Leguminosae–Papilionoideae): Geographically structured more in succulent-rich and temperate settings than in grass-rich environments1

Brian D. Schrire2,6, Matt Lavin3, Nigel P. Barker4 and Félix Forest5

2 The Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK 3 Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, 119 Plant Bioscience Building Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717 USA 4 Molecular Ecology and Systematics Group, Department of Botany, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa 5 The Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3DS, UK

ABSTRACT

This analysis goes beyond many phylogenies in exploring how phylogenetic structure imposed by morphology, ecology, and geography reveals useful evolutionary data. A comprehensive range of such diversity is evaluated within tribe Indigofereae and outgroups from sister tribes. A combined data set of 321 taxa (over one-third of the tribe) by 80 morphological characters, 833 aligned nuclear ribosomal ITS/5.8S sites, and an indel data set of 33 characters was subjected to parsimony analysis. Notable results include the Madagascan dry forest Disynstemon resolved as sister to tribe Indigofereae, and all species of the large genus Indigofera comprise just four main clades, each diagnosable by morphological synapomorphies and ecological and geographical predilections. These results suggest niche conservation (ecology) and dispersal limitation (geography) are important processes rendering signature shapes to the Indigofereae phylogeny in different biomes. Clades confined to temperate and succulent-rich biomes are more dispersal limited and have more geographical phylogenetic structure than those inhabiting tropical grass-rich vegetation. The African arid corridor, particularly the Namib center of endemism, harbors many of the oldest Indigofera lineages. A rates analysis of nucleotide substitutions confirms that the ages of the oldest crown clades are mostly younger than 16 Ma, implicating dispersal in explaining the worldwide distribution of the tribe.

Key Words: biogeography • character evolution • dispersal limitation • Fabaceae • Indigofera • Indigofereae • Leguminosae • molecular phylogeny • rates analysis

Received for publication 3 June 2008. Accepted for publication 3 December 2008.

FOOTNOTES

1 The authors thank P. Linder for his much valued support since the start of the Indigofereae project and for subsequent advice on the Köppen-Geiger climate system; P. Wilson for material, advice, and information on the Australian species; M. Thulin for material and useful discussion; N. Veitch for clarifying the taxonomy inherent in phytochemical nomenclature; T. Pennington and P. Coley for ecological insights into the role of plant defense strategies; D. Bellstedt for very helpful discussion on Zygophyllum and African arid corridor disjunctions; P. Craven for clarifying aspects of Namibian phytogeography; A. Tucker for much help with phytochemical bibliographies; S. Howis and S. Ramdhani for additional ITS sequences of Cape species; G. Lewis, R. Polhill and C. Stirton for their longstanding support, and the curators of K, GRA, NBG and MONT for use of specimens and analyzing leaf material for DNA sequence variation. The authors also thank M. Simmons for constructive review comments.

6 Author for correspondence (e-mail: b.schrire{at}kew.org)


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