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First published online March 11, 2009; doi:10.3732/ajb.0800200 American Journal of Botany 96: 762-770 (2009) © 2009 Botanical Society of America, Inc.

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Effects of polyploidy on secondary chemistry, physiology, and performance of native and invasive genotypes of Solidago gigantea (Asteraceae)¹

² University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Field Station, 3095 Blue Goose Rd., Saukville, Wisconsin 53080 USA ³ Medaille College, 18 Agassiz Circle, Buffalo, New York 14214 USA ⁴ University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Department of Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201 USA

ABSTRACT

The role of polyploidy in facilitating invasiveness of introduced plants has not been well explored. Examination of traits of diploid and polyploid plants in both their native and introduced ranges can shed light on evolutionary processes occurring postintroduction in invasive plants. We determined the distribution and prevalence of cytotypes of Solidago gigantea in both its native range (USA) and introduced range (Europe), and measured a suite of biochemical, physiological, and reproductive characters for plants from both continents. Tetraploids were the most frequent cytotype encountered on both continents, while hexaploids were found only in the USA. Hexaploids were the most distinctive cytotype, with fewer differences observed between diploids and tetraploids. Comparison of diploids and tetraploids in the USA and Europe showed that traits changed in concert for both cytotypes. Both diploids and tetraploids in Europe had reduced concentrations of three classes of secondary chemical and invested relatively more into rhizomes than into flowers. The same changes occurring in both cytotypes in the introduced range show that altered phenotypes of European plants are not due to shifts in the proportions of cytotypes but instead occur within them. There was no evidence that polyploids evolve more quickly in the introduced range.

Key Words: Asteraceae • introduced plant • invasive plant • polyploidy • Solidago gigantea

Received for publication 17 June 2008. Accepted for publication 6 January 2009.

FOOTNOTES

¹ The authors thank N. Luebke of the Milwaukee Public Museum. They also thank T. Schuck, T. Bott, H. O’Brien, L. Juergens, and S. Sanders for assistance and an anonymous reviewer for comments that improved the manuscript. Support for this work was provided by the U. S. National Science Foundation awards DEB-0315430 to G.M. and DEB-0315127 to R.J.

⁵ Current address: Canisius College, 2001 Main St., Buffalo, New York 14208 USA

⁶ Author for correspondance (e-mail: gmeyer{at}uwm.edu)

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