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First published online February 12, 2009; doi:10.3732/ajb.0800341
American Journal of Botany 96: 668-685 (2009)
© 2009 Botanical Society of America, Inc.
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Systematics and Phytogeography

A molecular phylogeny of the orange subfamily(Rutaceae: Aurantioideae) using nine cpDNA sequences1

Randall J. Bayer2,7, David J. Mabberley3, Cynthia Morton4, Cathy H. Miller2, Ish K. Sharma5, Bernard E. Pfeil2, Sarah Rich2, Roberta Hitchcock2 and Steve Sykes6

2 CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia 3 Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK 4 Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA 5 Australian National Botanic Garden, 6 CSIRO, Plant Industry, Merbein, Victoria, Australia

ABSTRACT

The breeding of new, high-quality citrus cultivars depends on dependable information about the relationships of taxa within the tribe Citreae; therefore, it is important to have a well-supported phylogeny of the relationships between species not only to advance breeding strategies, but also to advance conservation strategies for the wild taxa. The recent history of the systematics of Citrus (Rutaceae: Aurantioideae) and its allies, in the context of Rutaceae taxonomy as a whole, is reviewed. The most recent classification is tested using nine cpDNA sequence regions in representatives of all genera of the subfam. Aurantioideae (save Limnocitrus) and numerous species and hybrids referred to Citrus s.l. Aurantioideae are confirmed as monophyletic. Within Aurantioideae, tribe Clauseneae are not monophyletic unless Murraya s.s. and Merrillia are removed to Aurantieae. Within tribe Aurantieae, the three traditionally recognized subtribes are not monophyletic. Triphasiinae is not monophyletic unless Oxanthera is returned to Citrus (Citrinae). Balsamocitrinae is polyphyletic. Feroniella, traditionally considered allied closely to Limonia (=Feronia), is shown to be nested in Citrus. The proposed congenericity of Severinia and Atalantia is confirmed. The most recent circumscription of Citrus is strongly supported by this analysis, with hybrids appearing with their putative maternal parents. The genus was resolved into two clades, one comprising wild species from New Guinea, Australia, and New Caledonia (formerly Clymenia, Eremocitrus, Microcitrus, Oxanthera), but surprisingly also Citrus medica, traditionally believed to be native in India. The second clade is largely from the Asian mainland (including species formerly referred to Fortunella and Poncirus).

Key Words: Aurantioideae • Citreae • Citrus • Clauseneae • cpDNA • molecular systematics • phylogeny • Rutaceae

Received for publication 8 October 2008. Accepted for publication 16 December 2008.

FOOTNOTES

1 The authors thank T. J. Hoe (Hong Kong) for supplying leaf material of Monanthocitrus cornuta, T. Triono (Bogor, Indonesia) for Luvunga sp., A. Slee for Citrus gracilis, and L. G. Saw (Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur) for Burkillanthus malaccensis (Ridl.) Swingle and Citrus halimii, K. M. Wong (Rimba Ilmu Botanic Garden, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur) for Merope angulata, and R. Krueger for all National Citrus Germplasm Repository (Riverside, CA) accessions used in this study. Thanks are expressed to A. Beattie and P. Holford (University of Western Sydney) and T. Hartley (CSIRO, Plant Industry, Canberra) for discussions about Aurantioid phylogeny and distrubutions. They also thank Mark Simmons for suggested improvements to the manuscript. This research was supported by funding from the CSIRO, Plant Industry.

7 Author for correspondence (e-mail: rbayer{at}memphis.edu); present address: University of Memphis, Department of Biology, 3774 Walker Avenue, Memphis, TN 38152 USA


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