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(American Journal of Botany. 2009;96:519-530.)
doi: 10.3732/ajb.0800195
© 2009 Botanical Society of America, Inc.
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Systematics and Phytogeography

Familial placement and relations of Rehmannia and Triaenophora (Scrophulariaceae s.l.) inferred from five gene regions1

Zhi Xia2, Yin-Zheng Wang2,4 and James F. Smith3

2 State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, China 3 Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, Idaho 83725 USA

ABSTRACT

Accurate classification systems based on evolution are imperative for biological investigations. The recent explosion of molecular phylogenetics has resulted in a much improved classification of angiosperms. More than five phylogenetic lineages have been recognized from Scrophulariaceae sensu lato since the family was determined to be polyphyletic; however, questions remain about the genera that have not been assigned to one of the segregate families of Scrophulariaceae s.l. Rehmannia Liboschitz and Triaenophora Solereder are such genera with uncertain familial placement. There also is debate whether Triaenophora should be segregated from Rehmannia. To evaluate the phylogenetic relations between Rehmannia and Triaenophora, to find their closest relatives, and to verify their familial placement, we conducted phylogenetic analyses of the sequences of one nuclear DNA (ITS) region and four chloroplast DNA gene regions (trnL-F, rps16, rbcL, and rps2) individually and combined. The analyses showed that Rehmannia and Triaenophora are each strongly supported as monophyletic and together are sister to Orobanchaceae. This relation was corroborated by phytochemical and morphological data. Based on these data, we suggest that Rehmannia and Triaenophora represent the second nonparasitic branch sister to the remainder of Orobanchaceae (including Lindenbergia).

Key Words: DNA sequence • familial placement • Orobanchaceae • phylogenetic relations • Rehmannia • Scrophulariaceae sensu lato • Triaenophora

Received for publication 13 June 2008. Accepted for publication 10 October 2008.

FOOTNOTES

1 The authors thank Professor De-Yuan Hong for helpful comments on the manuscript. This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Grant 30570105, and CAS Grant KSCX2-YW-R-135.

4 Author for correspondence (e-mail: wangyz{at}ibcas.ac.cn)


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