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First published online November 20, 2009; doi:10.3732/ajb.0900073
American Journal of Botany 96: 2279-2287 (2009)
© 2009 Botanical Society of America, Inc.
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Reproductive Biology

Early inbreeding depression in the sexually polymorphic plant Dianthus sylvestris (Caryophyllaceae): Effects of selfing and biparental inbreeding among sex morphs1

Carine L. Collin2, Laurent Penet3 and Jacqui A. Shykoff

Université Paris-Sud, Laboratoire Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, UMR 8079, Orsay cedex, F-91405, France; CNRS, UMR 8079, Orsay cedex, F-91405, France

ABSTRACT

Predominantly outcrossing plant species are expected to accumulate recessive deleterious mutations, which can be purged when in a homozygous state following selfing. Individuals may vary in their genetic load because of different selfing histories, which could lead to differences in inbreeding depression among families. Lineage-dependent inbreeding depression can appear in gynodioecious species if obligatory outcrossed females are more likely to produce female offspring and if partially selfing hermaphrodites are more likely to produce hermaphrodites. We investigated inbreeding depression at the zygote, seed, and germination stages in the gynomonoecious-gynodioecious Dianthus sylvestris, including pure-sexed plants and a mixed morph. We performed hand-pollinations on 56 plants, belonging to the three morphs, each receiving 2–3 cross treatments (out-, sib- and self-pollination) on multiple flowers. Effects of cross treatments varied among stages and influenced seed provisioning, with sibling competition mainly occurring within outcrossed fruits. We found significant inbreeding depression for seed mass and germination and cumulative early inbreeding depression varied greatly among families. Among sex morphs, we found that females and hermaphrodites differed in biparental inbreeding depression, whereas uniparental was similar for all. Significant inbreeding depression levels may play a role in female maintenance in this species, and individual variation in association with sex-lineages proclivity is discussed.

Key Words: biparental inbreeding • Caryophyllaceae • Dianthus sylvestris • female advantage • gynomonoecy-gynodioecy • germination rates • inbreeding depression • maternal investment • seed mass • seed number • sibling competition • uniparental inbreeding

Received for publication 4 March 2009. Accepted for publication 10 September 2009.

FOOTNOTES

1 The authors thank L. Saunois for greenhouse care, Le Verger de la Faculté d’Orsay for sharing space in the common garden, and J.-L. Mabout for providing pollinator exclusion screens. The following people participated in the experiment: C. Rueffler collected the seeds in Grosio, F. Bernier carried out hand-pollinations and fruit collection, B. Genton and K. Ronson helped with fruit collection and seed counting, respectively, O. Cudelou and C. Raquin helped with germination tests in laboratory, and J. Franceschina (University of Milano) performed germination tests under natural conditions in Grosio. They also thank A. P. Møller for discussion on the correlation between seed mass and seed number, D. Charlesworth for sharing unpublished data, and S.C.H. Barrett and the anonymous reviewers for constructive comments.

2 Author for correspondence (e-mail: cl.collin{at}gmail.com); present address: Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille 1, Laboratoire de Génétique et Evolution des Populations Végétales (GEPV), UMR CNRS 8016, Bât. SN2, F-59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq cedex, France

3 Present address: Université de Rennes 1, Equipe Forçage Anthropique et Biodiversité (ForBio), UMR CNRS 6553 ECOBIO, Campus de Beaulieu, Bât. 14A, F-35042 Rennes cedex, France


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