HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

First published online November 10, 2009; doi:10.3732/ajb.0900165 American Journal of Botany 96: 2240-2255 (2009) © 2009 Botanical Society of America, Inc.

What's this?

This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Supplementary Data All Versions of this Article: ajb.0900165v1 96/12/2240    most recent Submit a response Alert me when this article is cited Alert me when eLetters are posted Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Cosacov, A. Articles by Cocucci, A. A. Search for Related Content PubMed Articles by Cosacov, A. Articles by Cocucci, A. A. Agricola Articles by Cosacov, A. Articles by Cocucci, A. A. Social Bookmarking                            What's this?

New insights into the phylogenetic relationships, character evolution, and phytogeographic patterns of Calceolaria (Calceolariaceae)¹

² Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina ³ Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, A. C., Apartado Postal 63 91000 Xalapa, Veracruz, México ⁴ Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito de Ciudad Universitaria, Del. Coyoacán, México D.F. 04510 México ⁵ Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Göteborg University, Box 461, SE-405 30, Sweden

ABSTRACT

Biogeographical patterns and diversification processes in Andean and Patagonian flora are not yet well understood. Calceolaria is a highly diversified genus of these areas, representing one of the most specialized plant–pollinator systems because flowers produce nonvolatile oils, a very unusual floral reward. Phylogenetic analyses with molecular (ITS and matK) and morphological characters from 103 Calceolaria species were conducted to examine relationships, to understand biogeographic patterns, and to detect evolutionary patterns of floral and ecological characters. Total evidence analysis retrieved three major clades, which strongly correspond to the three previously recognized subgenera, although only subgenus Rosula was retrieved as a monophyletic group. A single historical event explains the expansion from the southern to central Andes, while different parallel evolutionary lines show a northward expansion from the central to northern Andes across the Huancabamba Deflection, an important geographical barrier in northern Peru. Polyploidy, acquisition of elaiophores, and a nototribic pollination mechanism are key aspects of the evolutionary history of Calceolaria. Pollination interactions were more frequently established with Centris than with Chalepogenus oil-collecting bee species. The repeated loss of the oil gland and shifts to pollen as the only reward suggest an evolutionary tendency from highly to moderately specialized pollination systems.

Key Words: Andes • Calceolaria • Calceolariaceae • Centris • Chalepogenus • elaiophore • morphological evolution • nototribic • oil flowers • polyploidy • sternotribic

Received for publication 11 June 2009. Accepted for publication 4 September 2009.

FOOTNOTES

¹ The authors thank Bianca Delfosse for editing the English version of the manuscript and two anonymous reviewers for their constructive criticism and comments. A.C. thanks RLB for RLP-P05 fellowship and the Doctorate in Biology, University of Cordoba. A.A.C. and A.N.S. acknowledge CONICET as fellow researchers and A.C. as its fellowship holder. The study was supported by CONICET (PIP 5174), FONCyT (PICT 01-10952 & 01 33755) and SeCyT UNC). The program TNT is freely available, thanks to a subsidy from the Willi Hennig Society.

⁶ Author for correspondence (e-mail: acosacov{at}efn.uncor.edu)

CiteULike    Complore    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Facebook    Reddit    Technorati    Twitter    What's this?