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First published online November 25, 2009; doi:10.3732/ajb.0900116
American Journal of Botany 96: 2168-2183 (2009)
© 2009 Botanical Society of America, Inc.
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Anatomy and Morphology

Vessel grouping patterns in subfamilies Apocynoideae and Periplocoideae confirm phylogenetic value of wood structure within Apocynaceae1

Frederic Lens2,7, Mary E. Endress3, Pieter Baas4, Steven Jansen5,6 and Erik Smets2,4

2 Laboratory of Plant Systematics, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31 Box 2437, K.U.Leuven, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium 3 Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland 4 Nationaal Herbarium Nederland–Leiden University Branch, P.O. Box 9514, NL-2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands 5 Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK 6 Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany

ABSTRACT

This study contributes to our understanding of the phylogenetic significance and major evolutionary trends in the wood of the dogbane family (Apocynaceae), one of the largest and economically most important angiosperm families. Based on LM and SEM observations of 56 Apocynoideae species—representing all currently recognized tribes—and eight Periplocoideae, we found striking differences in vessel grouping patterns (radial multiples vs. large clusters) between the mainly nonclimbing apocynoid tribes (Wrightieae, Malouetieae, Nerieae) and the climbing lineages (remaining Apocynoideae and Periplocoideae). The presence of large vessel clusters in combination with fibers in the ground tissue characterizing the climbing Apocynoideae and Periplocoideae clearly contrasts with the climbing anatomy of the rauvolfioids (solitary vessels plus tracheids in ground tissue), supporting the view that (1) the climbing habit has evolved more than once in Apocynaceae, (2) the three nonclimbing apocynoid tribes are basal compared to the climbing apocynoids, and (3) Periplocoideae belong to the crown clade. The wood anatomy within the nonclimbing and climbing lineages is rather homogeneous, although a combination of specific characters (e.g. presence of septate fibers, axial parenchyma distribution, abundance of uniseriate compared to multiseriate rays, and presence and location of prismatic crystals) may be used to identify several tribes.

Key Words: Apocynaceae • Apocynoideae • APSA clade • climbing vs. nonclimbing anatomy • Periplocoideae • systematic wood anatomy • tribal classification

Received for publication 27 April 2009. Accepted for publication 8 September 2009.

FOOTNOTES

1 Dr. Sherwin Carlquist (Santa Barbara Botanic Garden) is acknowledged for his valuable comments on the manuscript. The curators of the xylaria of Leiden, Kew, Madison, Tervuren, Utrecht, and Wageningen and Dr. André Simões (University of São Paolo) generously offered wood samples. The authors thank Miss Nathalie Geerts (K.U.Leuven) for technical assistance. This work has been financially supported by research grants of the K.U.Leuven (OT/05/35) and the Fund for Scientific Research–Flanders (Belgium) (G.0268.04). F.L. is a postdoctoral fellow of the Fund for Scientific Research–Flanders (Belgium) (F.W.O.–Vlaanderen).

7 Author for correspondence (e-mail: frederic.lens{at}bio.kuleuven.be)


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