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First published online December 11, 2008; doi:10.3732/ajb.0800066 American Journal of Botany 96: 83-95 (2009) © 2009 Botanical Society of America, Inc.

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More is better: the uses of developmental genetic data to reconstruct perianth evolution¹

² Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence Kansas 66045 USA ³ Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven Connecticut 06520 USA ⁴ Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven Connecticut 06520 USA

ABSTRACT

The origin and evolution of the perianth remains enigmatic. While it seems likely that an undifferentiated perianth consisting of tepals arose early in angiosperm evolution, it is unclear when and how differentiated perianths consisting of distinct organs, such as petals and sepals, arose. Phylogenetic reconstructions of ancestral perianth states across angiosperms have traditionally relied on morphological data from extant species, but these analyses often produce equivocal results. Here we describe the use of developmental genetic data as an additional strategy to infer the ancestral perianth character state for different angiosperm clades. By assessing functional data in combination with expression data in a maximum likelihood framework, we provide a novel approach for investigating the evolutionary history of the perianth. Results of this analysis provide new insights into perianth evolution and provide a proof of concept for using this strategy to explore the incorporation of developmental genetic data in character state reconstructions. As the assumptions outlined here are tested and more genetic data are generated, we hope that ancestral state reconstructions based on multiple lines of evidence will converge.

Key Words: ancestral state reconstruction • angiosperm • APETALA3 • AP3 • development • evolution • maximum likelihood • perianth

Received for publication 19 February 2008. Accepted for publication 8 July 2008.

FOOTNOTES

¹ The authors thank P. Cartwright and J. Preston for helpful discussions and two anonymous reviewers for their comments. This work was supported by NSF (IOB-0616025) to L.C.H. and NSF (IOB-0516789) to V.F.I.

⁵ Author for correspondence (e-mail: lhileman{at}ku.edu)

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