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Phylogenetic relationships of aroids and duckweeds (Araceae) inferred from coding and noncoding plastid DNA¹

² Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-367, 04510 México, D.F., Mexico ³ Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK ⁴ Augsburger Str. 43a, D-86368, Gersthofen, Germany ⁵ Unidad de Biología, Tecnología y Prototipos (UBIPRO), Facultad de Estudios Superiores, Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios No. 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, 54090 Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico

ABSTRACT

Familial, subfamilial, and tribal monophyly and relationships of aroids and duckweeds were assessed by parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of five regions of coding (rbcL, matK) and noncoding plastid DNA (partial trnK intron, trnL intron, trnL–trnF spacer) for exemplars of nearly all aroid and duckweed genera. Our analyses confirm the position of Lemna and its allies (formerly Lemnaceae) within Araceae as the well-supported sister group of all aroids except Gymnostachydoideae and Orontioideae. The last two subfamilies form the sister clade of the rest of the family. Monophyly of subfamilies Orontioideae, Pothoideae, Monsteroideae, and Lasioideae is supported, but Aroideae are paraphyletic if Calla is maintained in its own subfamily (Calloideae). Our results suggest expansion of the recently proposed subfamily Zamioculcadoideae (Zamioculcas, Gonatopus) to include Stylochaeton and identify problems in the current delimitation of tribes Anadendreae, Heteropsideae, and Monstereae (Monsteroideae), Caladieae/Zomicarpeae, and Colocasieae (Aroideae). Canalization of traits of the spathe and spadix considered typical of Araceae evolved after the split of Gymnostachydoideae, Orontioideae, and Lemnoideae. An association with aquatic habitats is a plesiomorphic attribute in Araceae, occurring in the helophytic Orontioideae and free-floating Lemnoideae, but evolving independently in various derived aroid lineages including free-floating Pistia (Aroideae).

Key Words: Araceae • Lemnaceae • molecular phylogenetics • plastid DNA • rbcL • subfamilial and tribal classification • trnK-matK • trnL-trnF

Received for publication 25 February 2008. Accepted for publication 11 June 2008.

FOOTNOTES

¹ The authors thank P. C. Boyce, M. Fay, F. Forest, E. Landolt, S. Renner, S.-M. Tam, T. Croat, and the staff of the botanical gardens of Leiden, Munich, and Singapore for providing material of various taxa; M. Hesse for discussion and literature; the staff of the Molecular Systematics Section, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and L. Márquez Valdelamar (Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México) for assistance with DNA sequencing; and S. Magallón and R. Lira for useful criticisms of earlier drafts of the manuscript. This study was supported in part by the Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, UNAM, a scholarship from the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) awarded to L.I.C. (No. 133137) and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

⁶ Author for correspondence (e-mail: licabreram{at}yahoo.com.mx)