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(American Journal of Botany. 2008;95:1136-1152.)
doi: 10.3732/ajb.0800096
© 2008 Botanical Society of America, Inc.
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Systematics and Phytogeography

Toward a comprehensive understanding of phylogenetic relationships among lineages of Acanthaceae s.l. (Lamiales)1

Lucinda A. McDade2,4, Thomas F. Daniel3 and Carrie A. Kiel2

2 Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, 1500 North College Avenue, Claremont, California 91711 USA 3 Department of Botany, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Concourse Drive, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118 USA

ABSTRACT

Acanthaceae (Asteridae; Lamiales) include ~4000 species and encompass a range of morphological diversity, habitats, and biogeographic patterns. Although they are important components of tropical and subtropical habitats worldwide, inadequate knowledge of the family’s phylogenetic framework has impeded comparative research. In this study, we sampled all known lineages of Acanthaceae including Andrographideae. Also included were eight of 13 genera whose relationships remain enigmatic. We used sequence data from nrITS and four chloroplast noncoding regions, and parsimony and Bayesian methods of analysis. Results strongly support most aspects of relationships including inclusion of Avicennia in Acanthaceae. Excepting Neuracanthus, newly sampled taxa are placed with strong support; Kudoacanthus is in Justicieae, Tetramerium lineage, and the remaining enigmatic genera are in Whitfieldieae or Barlerieae, and Andrographideae are sister to Barlerieae. This last result is unanticipated, but placement of Andrographideae based on structural characters has been elusive. Neuracanthus is monophyletic but placement relative to (Whitfieldieae (Andrographideae + Barlerieae)) is weakly supported. Many clades have clear morphological synapomorphies, but nonmolecular evidence for some remains elusive. Results suggest an Old World origin with multiple dispersal events to the New World. This study informs future work by clarifying sampling strategy and identifying aspects of relationships that require further study.

Key Words: Acanthaceae • Andrographideae • Barlerieae • biogeography • Lamiales • Lankesteria • Neuracanthus • phylogeny • Whitfieldieae

Received for publication 17 March 2008. Accepted for publication 9 June 2008.

FOOTNOTES

1 The authors thank F. Almeda, K. Balkwill, A. J. Borg, A. M. Boyd, M. Butterwick, M.-J. Cadman, D. J. Hearn, P. Jenkins, J. MacDougal, M. Manktelow, S. Manktelow, M. McMahon, R. Olmstead, H. Ranarivelo, T. Van Devender, K. Vollesen, J. Wood, and the staff of the Jodrell Laboratory (K) for help in obtaining material for DNA or in the field. The curators of the following herbaria graciously granted permission to sample herbarium specimens: ARIZ, BR, CAS, DAV, DS, DUKE, IEB, J, K, NY, P, PH, RSA, UPS, and US. The authors thank the Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney and the Strybing Arboretum for permission to collect from plants cultivated at these institutions and the San Francisco Conservatory of Flowers for greenhouse space. They are grateful to D. C. Wasshausen for discussion and access to unpublished data on South American Acanthaceae. S. Serata assisted with scanning electron microscopy for palynological studies. The manuscript benefited from the input of M. Simmons and two anonymous reviewers, and the editorial assistance of L. Worlow. This work was supported by the U. S. National Science Foundation (DEB 0108589 to L.A.M. and T.F.D.), the Academy of Natural Sciences, Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, California Academy of Sciences, and the Christensen Research Institute.

4 Author for correspondence (e-mail: lucinda.mcdade{at}cgu.edu)


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