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Pollinator and nonpollinator selection on ray morphology in Leucanthemum vulgare (oxeye daisy, Asteraceae)¹

Plant Ecology and Systematics, Department of Ecology, Sölvegatan 37, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden

ABSTRACT

Despite evidence that both pollinators and nonpollinator agents of selection can shape the evolution of floral characters, there have been few attempts to compare the strengths and directions of selection from pollinators and other agents in the same study system. In this investigation of Leucanthemum vulgare, a self-incompatible composite known for its conspicuous white rays, I obtained data from a ray removal experiment in the field and from a segregating F₂ population in an experimental garden to assess the role of pollinator and nonpollinator selection as stabilizing factors on floral evolution in this species. Removal of all rays reduced the pollination success of heads by 31–35%, but did not significantly affect the level of infestation by larvae of the fly Tephritis neesii. Data from F₂ plants indicated a potential for indirect selection on ray morphology, mediated through links between ray morphology and measures of vegetative size and plant vigor. The results of this study show that individuals of the normal, rayed phenotype have a clear selective advantage, in terms of both pollinator attraction and general plant vigor. Thus, there were no conflicting selection pressures between the pollinators and the other selective agents considered in this study.

Key Words: Asteraceae • floral evolution • Leucanthemum vulgare • pollination • selection

Received for publication 6 March 2008. Accepted for publication 15 July 2008.

FOOTNOTES

¹ The author thanks M. Wirén for collection of plant material, H. Persson and B. Jacobsson for technical assistance in the experimental garden, R. Bygebjerg for identification of the floral herbivore, H. Sheppard for linguistic advice, and C. Fenster and two anonymous reviewers for valuable comments on the manuscript. Financial support was provided by the Swedish Research Council.

² e-mail: stefan.andersson{at}ekol.lu.se

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