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(American Journal of Botany. 2008;95:985-1005.) doi: 10.3732/ajb.2007313 © 2008 Botanical Society of America, Inc.

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Phylogeny of Rutaceae based on twononcoding regions from cpDNA¹

² Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil ³ Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 11461 05499 São Paulo, SP, Brazil ⁴ The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458-5126 USA

ABSTRACT

Primarily known only by the edible fruits of Citrus, Rutaceae comprise a large (c. 160 genera and 1900 species), morphologically diverse, cosmopolitan family. Of its extraordinary array of secondary chemical compounds, many have medicinal, antimicrobial, insecticidal, or herbicidal properties. To assist with the much-needed suprageneric reclassification and with studies of evolution of chemical compounds and biogeographic history of the family, here we included sequence data (from two noncoding regions of the chloroplast genome—rps16 intron and trnL-trnF region) from 65 species in 59 genera (more than one third of those in the family) that represented all subfamilies and tribes and more genera of Toddalioideae and of neotropical groups than previous studies. Results confirmed that Cneorum, Ptaeroxylon, Spathelia, and Dictyoloma form a clade sister to the remaining Rutaceae, none of the subfamilies with more than one genus (except Aurantioideae) is monophyletic, and characters of the ovary and fruit are not reliable for circumscription of subfamilies. Furthermore, clades are better correlated with geographic distributions of the genera than with ovary and fruit characters. Circumscriptions of subfamilies and tribes (and some subtribes of Rutoideae) must be reevaluated. Results are discussed in light of geographic distributions, caryology, chemotaxonomy, and other molecular studies.

Key Words: Cneoraceae • cpDNA • phylogeny • Ptaeroxylaceae • rps16 • Rutaceae • trnL-trnF

Received for publication 1 October 2007. Accepted for publication 8 April 2008.

FOOTNOTES

¹ The authors thank T. G. Hartley for sending samples of Australian plants (Acronychia, Flindersia, Halfordia, Melicope, Sarcomelicope); J. Mafezolli for the sample of Sigmatanthus; E. Pansarin for sequence-editing programs; A. C. Marcato for the use of his Macintosh and help with some analyses; E. Kapinos of the Jodrell Laboratory, Kew, for technical support during a visit by M.G.; M. C. Oliveira and M.-A. Van Sluys for the use of the laboratory at Universidade de São Paulo; the Brazilian institutions and people who assisted in the field work, especially R. Sarquis and S. Sarquis (IEPA, Macapá), R. C. Viana (EMBRAPA, Belém), C. A. Cid-Ferreira and R. Gribel (INPA, Manaus), A. A. Barbosa (UFU, Uberlândia), M. C. T. B. Messias (UFOP, Ouro Preto), A. M. Carvalho (CEPEC, Ilhéus, in memoriam), W. Sciarra (Fazenda Fischer, Onda Verde), H. Boudet-Fernandes (MBML, Santa Teresa), and R. de Jesus (Reserva Ecológica da Vale do Rio Doce, Linhares); R. Olmstead and an anonymous reviewer for their constructive criticisms of the text; and J. Jernstedt, A. McPherson, and S. Balcomb for editorial assistance. This work was supported by grants to the first author from CAPES and FAPESP (00/07401-0, 05/50758-7) and the Margareth Mee Foundation.

⁵ Author for correspondence (e-mail: groppo{at}ffclrp.usp.br)

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