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(American Journal of Botany. 2008;95:843-870.) doi: 10.3732/ajb.0700006 © 2008 Botanical Society of America, Inc.

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A smaller Macadamia from a more vagile tribe: inference of phylogenetic relationships, divergence times, and diaspore evolution in Macadamia and relatives (tribe Macadamieae; Proteaceae)¹

² Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32308 USA ³ Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Mrs. Macquaries Road, Sydney, New South Wales, 2000, Australia

ABSTRACT

Tribe Macadamieae (91 spp., 16 genera; Proteaceae) is widespread across the southern hemisphere on all major fragments of Gondwana except New Zealand and India. Macadamia is cultivated outside its natural range as a "nut" crop (notably in Hawaii, where it is the principal orchard crop). We sampled seven DNA regions and 53 morphological characters from the tribe to infer its phylogeny and address the common assumption that the distribution of the extant diversity of the tribe arose by the rafting of ancestors on Gondwanan fragments. Macadamia proves to be paraphyletic with respect to the African genus Brabejum, the South American genus Panopsis, and the Australian species Orites megacarpus. We erect two new generic names, Nothorites and Lasjia, to produce monophyly at that rank. The earliest disjunctions in the tribe are inferred to be the result of long-distance dispersal out of Australia (with one possible exception), rather than vicariance. Evolution of tardy fruit dehiscence is correlated with these dispersals, and the onset of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) precedes them. We suggest that the ancestors of extant diversity arrived on their respective continents via the ACC, and we recognize that this is a mechanism precluded, rather than facilitated, by Gondwana’s terrestrial continuity.

Key Words: biogeography • fruit evolution • Gondwana • hydrochory • long-distance dispersal • Macadamia • relaxed-clock molecular dating • phylogenetics • Proteaceae • vicariance

Received for publication 21 December 2007. Accepted for publication 29 April 2008.

FOOTNOTES

¹ The authors thank individuals and institutions who provided field and laboratory assistance, leaf material, unpublished data, images, and primer suggestions including N. Barker, G. Bourdy, B. Briggs, E. Brown, D. Cantrill, K. Edwards, D. Feller, A. Ford, C. Gross, G. Jordan, K. Kupsch, H. Kurzweil, I. Macconochie, B. Manara, S. Mathews, E. Milton, R. Ming, D. Paul, T. Pennington, V. Plana, G. Prance, J. Rourke, G. Sankowsky, H. Sauquet, G. Schatz, J.-M. Vieillon, K. Wilson, and F. Zich. This research was funded by a NSF grant (DEB-0516340) to A.R.M., an Undergraduate Fellowship in Mathematical and Computational Biology from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute to C.L.W., and support from the Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust to P.H.W.

⁴ Author for correspondence (e-mail: amast{at}bio.fsu.edu)

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