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(American Journal of Botany. 2008;95:805-815.)
doi: 10.3732/ajb.2007332
© 2008 Botanical Society of America, Inc.
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Genetics

Patterns of introduction and diversification of Vanilla planifolia (Orchidaceae) in Reunion Island (Indian Ocean)1

Severine Bory2,6, Pesach Lubinsky3, Ange-Marie Risterucci4, Jean-Louis Noyer4, Michel Grisoni2, Marie-France Duval5 and Pascale Besse6,7

2 CIRAD, UMR PVBMT Cirad/Université de la Réunion, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, 7 chemin de l’IRAT 97410 Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France 3 Ellstrand Lab, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0124 USA 4 CIRAD, UMR DAP, Avenue Agropolis, TA A-96 / 03 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France 5 CIRAD, UPR Multiplication Végétative, Boulevard de la Lironde, TA A-75/02 34398 Montpellier cedex 5, France 6 Université de La Réunion, UMR PVBMT Cirad/Université de la Réunion, 15 avenue René Cassin, BP 7151 97715 Saint Denis messag cedex 9, La Réunion, France

ABSTRACT

The cultivated species Vanilla planifolia is a typical example of a crop introduced from its area of origin (America) to new regions where natural pollinators are absent. Although the Vanilla cultivars are exclusively vegetatively propagated, a high degree of phenotypic variation is observed among the cultivars in their introduction areas such as Reunion Island. To test several hypotheses explaining this variation—different introduction events, somatic mutations and sexual reproduction (through manual pollination)—we used AFLP markers to elucidate the patterns of introduction of V. planifolia. Most of the accessions cultivated in the world were derived from a single accession, possibly the Mexican cultivar Mansa. The patterns of diversification of this cultivated species were also studied and compared with other cultivated (V. tahitensis) and wild (V. pompona and V. bahiana) species. Except for one particular phenotype (‘Aiguille’), which may come from sexual reproduction, cultivated accessions exhibit very low levels of genetic diversity. They have evolved by the accumulation of point mutations through vegetative multiplication. The genetic diversity revealed could not explain the phenotypic diversity, which may be related to epigenetics or polyploidy. This new understanding of the basis of genetic diversity of vanilla may assist to improve management of genetic resources.

Key Words: AFLP • diversification • genetic diversity • Indian Ocean • Orchidaceae • Vanilla planifolia, vegetative reproduction

Received for publication 18 October 2007. Accepted for publication 14 May 2008.

FOOTNOTES

1 This study was supported by the Bureau des Ressources Génétiques (AP 2003-2004), the Conseil Régional of Reunion Island and the European Social Fund (Allocation Régionale de Formation Doctorale to Séverine Bory 2004-2007), and an NSF graduate research fellowship and UC-MEXUS doctoral grant awarded to P.L. The authors thank all partners who provided biological material, particularly M. Wong and S. Andrzejewski (Etablissement Vanille de Tahiti, French Polynesia), M. Pignal (Museum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris), P. Bertaux (Jardin du Luxembourg, Sénat, Paris), D. Scherberich (Parc de la Tête d’Or, Lyon), L. Bray (Serres d’Auteuil, Paris), C. Figureau (Jardin des Plantes, Nantes), E. Spick (Jardin des Plantes, Montpellier), P. Malaxechevarria (Royal Botanical Garden, Kew), P. Martin (FFAO), P. Fontaine (Jardin des Parfums et des Epices, Réunion), B. Côme (Coopérative Provanille, Réunion), and all producers from Reunion Island (P. Ah-Nieme, P. Boyer, B. Dijoux, L. Edmond, J. Ethève, J.-B. Grondin, A. Hoareau, J.-J. Lusinier, M. Padre, M. Plante, G.-A. Poulbassia, M. Roulof, R. Sautron, K. Técher, Association Les Béliers), Madagascar (Biolandes, E. Marinot, F. Maurice, G. Ramnandraibe, J. Ranjamanoro), Guadeloupe (E. Mianney, Mr Nelson), French Guyana (J.-L. Pradon), Martinique (F. Gallay), Brazil (C. Fikenscher, S. Gutfreund), Fiji (V. Tuia) and Papua New Guinea (Y. Adell). The authors thank Drs. F. Chiroleu (CIRAD) and X. Perrier (CIRAD) for advice on data analyses and Pr. M. Dron (IBP, Univ. Paris XI) and Dr. P. Feldmann (CIRAD) for their interest and support of this work.

7 Author for correspondence (e-mail: besse{at}univ-reunion.fr)


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