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(American Journal of Botany. 2008;95:782-792.) doi: 10.3732/ajb.2007381 © 2008 Botanical Society of America, Inc.

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Changes in cell wall ultrastructure induced by sudden flooding at 25°C in Pisum sativum (Fabaceae) primary roots¹

² Department of Botany, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056 USA ³ Department of Cell Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Takushoku University, 815-1 Tate-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 193-0985, Japan ⁴ Department of Botany, Miami University, Hamilton, Ohio 45011 USA

ABSTRACT

Cellular degeneration is essential for many developmental and stress acclimation processes. Undifferentiated parenchymatous cells in the central vascular cylinder of pea primary roots degenerate under hypoxic conditions created by flooding at temperatures >15°C, forming a long vascular cavity that seems to provide a conduit for longitudinal oxygen transport in the roots. We show that specific changes in the cell wall ultrastructure accompanied previously detected cytoplasmic and organellar degradation in the cavity-forming roots. The degenerating cells had thinner primary cell walls, less electron-dense middle lamellae, and less abundant cell wall homogalacturonans in altered patterns, compared to healthy cells of roots grown under cold, nonflooded conditions. Cellular breakdown and changes in wall ultrastructure, however, remained confined to cells within a 50-µm radius around the root center, even after full development of the cavity. Cells farther away maintained cellular integrity and had signs of wall synthesis, perhaps from tight regulation of wall metabolism over short distances. These observations suggest that the cell degeneration might involve programmed cell death. We also show that warm, nonflooded or cold, flooded conditions that typically do not induce vascular cavity formation can also induce variations in cell wall ultrastructure.

Key Words: cell wall ultrastructure • cellular breakdown • flooding and warm temperature response • homogalacturonan (HG) • Pisum sativum • primary root • programmed cell death (PCD) • vascular cavity

Received for publication 21 November 2007. Accepted for publication 11 April 2008.

FOOTNOTES

¹ The authors thank Dr. R. Edelman, M. Duley, and L. Strittmatter of the Electron Microscope Facility for guidance with the TEM work, Dr. R. Noble for advice on statistical analysis, and the Department of Botany, Miami University, Oxford, OH for funding.

⁵ Author for correspondence (e-mail: sarkarp{at}muohio.edu)

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