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Evolution of Synthyris sect. Dissecta (Plantaginaceae) on sky islands in the Northern Rocky Mountains¹

School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4236 USA

ABSTRACT

We examined the phylogeography of Synthyris sect. Dissecta (Plantaginaceae), which is restricted to the Olympic (S. lanuginosa) and Northern Rocky Mountains (S. dissecta and S. canbyi), to infer effects of sky islands and modes of speciation. Sequences of cpDNA trnT-trnL and psbA-trnH intergenic spacers resolved 22 haplotypes among 185 individuals sampled from 16 populations of the three species. Gene flow in the ancestral lineage and random capture of haplotypes in species lineages of sect. Dissecta have resulted in haplotype clades that are not exclusive to species. Nested clade analysis (NCA) indicates that allopatric fragmentation separated Olympic and Northern Rocky Mountain populations, giving rise to the Olympic endemic S. lanuginosa, which is characterized by unique haplotypes consistent with long temporal isolation. Low haplotype and nucleotide diversity in S. canbyi are consistent with newly founded populations experiencing a bottleneck. Furthermore, we infer S. canbyi evolved as a peripheral isolate of S. dissecta. NCA indicated limited migration in S. dissecta with possible isolation by distance. Both isolation on interglacial sky islands and valley glaciers during at least the last glaciation limited gene flow among populations of S. dissecta in different ranges of the Northern Rocky Mountains.

Key Words: disjunction • haplotypes • phylogeography • Plantaginaceae • sky islands • speciation • Synthyris

Received for publication 2 August 2007. Accepted for publication 7 January 2007.

FOOTNOTES

¹ The authors thank E. Roalson, M. Webster, C. Steele, and M. King for their helpful discussions, technical assistance, and support; P. Stickney, E. Schreiner (National Park Service), U. S. Forest Service, and The Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Nation for locality information and issue of collecting permits; the curator of MONTU for supplying plant material; A. Thomson for assistance with field collections; and M. Simmons and two anonymous reviewers for providing helpful comments on the manuscript. This project was supported by awards from NSF (DEB0608026), American Society of Plant Taxonomists, Northwest Scientific Association, Washington Native Plant Society, and the Rexford Daubenmire Grant for Graduate Education and Betty W. Higinbotham Trust from Washington State University.

² Author for correspondence (e-mail: marlowe{at}wsu.edu)

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