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Intercourse between cell wall and cytoplasm exemplified by arabinogalactan proteins and cortical microtubules¹

² UMR 6037 CNRS—Institut Fédératif de Recherche Multidisciplinaire des Peptides (IFRMP 23), Plateforme de Recherche en Imagerie Cellulaire de Haute Normandie (PRIMACEN)–Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France ³ Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003 USA

ABSTRACT

How does a plant cell sense and respond to the status of its cell wall? Intercourse between cell wall and cytoplasm has long been supposed to involve arabinogalactan proteins, in part because many of them are anchored to the plasma membrane. Disrupting arabinogalactan proteins has recently been shown to disrupt the array of cortical microtubules present just inside the plasma membrane, implying that microtubules and arabinogalactan proteins interact. In this article, we assess possibilities for how this interaction might be mediated. First, we consider microdomains in the plasma membrane (lipid rafts), which have been alleged to link internal and external regions of the plasma membrane; however, the characteristics and even the existence of these domains remains controversial. Next, we point out that disrupting the synthesis of cellulose also can disrupt microtubules and consider whether arabinogalactan proteins are part of a network linking microtubules and nascent microfibrils. Finally, we outline several signaling cascades that could transmit information from arabinogalactan proteins to microtubules through channels of cellular communication. These diverse possibilities highlight the work that remains to be done before we can understand how plant cells communicate across their membranes.

Key Words: arabinogalactan protein • cell wall • cellular communication • cortical microtubules • morphogenesis • roots • signaling cascades

Received for publication 13 August 2008. Accepted for publication 15 October 2008.

FOOTNOTES

¹ The authors dedicate this paper to the memory of Prof. Bruce Stone (1930–2008). They thank Dr. Laurence Chevalier and Dr. Christine Andemé-Onzighi (University of Colorado) for help with electron and light microscope images, respectively, and Dr. Manolis Panteris (Aristotle University) for wise comments on the text. This work was supported in part by the University of Rouen and the CNRS (to A.D.) and by a grant to T.I.B. (DE-FG02-03ER15421) from the U. S. Department of Energy, whose support does not constitute endorsement of views expressed herein.

⁴ Author for correspondence (e-mail: baskin{at}bio.umass.edu)

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