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(American Journal of Botany. 2008;95:1270-1286.) doi: 10.3732/ajb.0800101 © 2008 Botanical Society of America, Inc.

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Phylogenetics of neotropical Platymiscium (Leguminosae: Dalbergieae): systematics, divergence times, and biogeography inferred from nuclear ribosomal and plastid DNA sequence data¹

² Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK ³ Division of Biology, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK ⁴ Department of Botany, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK ⁵ South America team, Herbarium, Library, Archives & Art, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE, UK

ABSTRACT

Platymiscium is a neotropical legume genus of forest trees in the Pterocarpus clade of the pantropical "dalbergioid" clade. It comprises 19 species (29 taxa), distributed from Mexico to southern Brazil. This study presents a molecular phylogenetic analysis of Platymiscium and allies inferred from nuclear ribosomal (nrITS) and plastid (trnL, trnL-F and matK) DNA sequence data using parsimony and Bayesian methods. Divergence times are estimated using a Bayesian method assuming a relaxed molecular clock (multidivtime). Within the Pterocarpus clade, new sister relationships are recovered: Pterocarpus + Etaballia, Inocarpus + Tipuana and Paramachaerium + Maraniona. Our results support monophyly of Platymiscium, which is resolved into three major clades, each with distinct geographic ranges and ecological preferences. Diversification in Platymiscium has been driven by habitat fragmentation, invasion of novel geographic regions, and ecological diversification, revealing general patterns of diversification in the neotropics. We hypothesize that Platymiscium arose in dry habitats of South America and radiated northward. The Amazon basin was invaded twice both within the last 5.6 My and Central America twice before the closure of the Isthmus of Panama. Divergence times of the P. pubescens complex, restricted to seasonally dry tropical forests of South America, support pre-Pleistocene divergence in this biome.

Key Words: biogeography • divergence times • Isthmus of Panama • Leguminosae • neotropics • phylogenetics • Platymiscium • Pterocarpus clade • seasonally dry tropical forests

Received for publication 19 March 2008. Accepted for publication 2 July 2008.

FOOTNOTES

¹ The authors thank F. Forest for help with the divergence times analysis; L. Kelly, J. Clarkson, L. Francis, E. Kapinos, and L. Csiba for technical support; and T. Pennington and M. Lavin for providing silica material and some ITS sequences, respectively. The following herbaria AAU, BM, GH, K, MEXU, MO, and NY are gratefully acknowledged for providing leaf material and/or photos of specimens. At different stages of this study, the authors had fruitful discussions with G. Lewis, T. Galewski, B. Schrire, and T. Pennington. Their comments improved the final manuscript. Three anonymous reviewers are acknowledged for their constructive criticism and comments.

⁶ Author for correspondence (e-mail: c.saslislagoudakis{at}reading.ac.uk)

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