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(American Journal of Botany. 2008;95:1225-1232.) doi: 10.3732/ajb.0800068 © 2008 Botanical Society of America, Inc.

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Sex-specific responses to mycorrhiza in a dioecious species¹

² Department of Biology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FIN-90014, Oulu, Finl ³ Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FIN-40014 Jyväskylä, Finl

ABSTRACT

In most studies about dioecious plants, the role of arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) and the potential sex-specific differences between the plant hosts have been overlooked. Because plant sexes frequently differ in drought tolerance and AM fungal colonization provides higher resistance to drought, we investigated whether the relation of mycorrhizal fungi with either male or female Antennaria dioica plants differs using a factorial experiment. We hypothesized that because AM usually increase growth rate and male plants usually grow larger than females, males should gain more benefit from the mycorrhizal symbiosis in terms of mineral nutrition and water supply. Because of higher demands of carbohydrates (C) in males, we expected males to allocate less C resources to the mycorrhizal fungus so that the associated fungi should benefit less of the association with males. In contrast to our initial hypothesis, the male plants, although faster growing under drought, did not gain more symbiosis-mediated benefits than did the females, and both sexes seemed to provide resources equally to their fungal symbiont. Therefore, we conclude that the two plant sexual morphs provide equal amounts of C to their fungal root symbionts and that they can gain specific benefits from the symbiosis, which, however, depend on soil water availability.

Key Words: Antennaria dioica • arbuscular mycorrhizae • Asteraceae • clonal growth • dioecy • drought • Glomus claroideum • mycorrhizal benefit • sexual dimorphism

Received for publication 21 February 2008. Accepted for publication 6 August 2008.

FOOTNOTES

¹ The authors thank M. Vestberg (Agrifood Finland) for the use of his Glomus claroideum isolate, the personnel at the Botanical Gardens of the University of Oulu for plant care, D. Carrasco for plant harvesting, T. Törmänen for the P analyses, and two anonymous referees for their comments and suggestions. This study was funded by Oulangan Rahasto, Societas Pro Fauna et Flora Fennica and Oskar Öflundin Säätiö.

⁴ Author for correspondence (e-mail: Sandra.varga.estany{at}oulu.fi); Department of Biology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FIN-90014, Oulu, Finland; phone: +358-8-553 1525; fax: +358-8-553 1061

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