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Genetic variation and phylogeography of Stauracanthus (Fabaceae, Genisteae) from the Iberian Peninsula and northern Morocco assessed by chloroplast microsatellite (cpSSR) markers¹

² Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense 28040 Madrid, Spain ³ Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V-Agdal, Rabat, Morocco

ABSTRACT

The tribe Genisteae includes genera of great ecological importance in Mediterranean countries because they are dominant elements of many plant communities. Genetic variation and diversification patterns in Stauracanthus (Genisteae) provide information relevant for the study of the processes of diversification in relation to the environmental history of the western Mediterranean. Nineteen populations of S. boivinii and S. genistoides were assessed by 11 chloroplast microsatellite markers, revealing 44 haplotypes. Both species had different haplotypes and contrasting patterns of karyological, morphological, and genetic variation. In the minimum spanning tree of the haplotypes, AMOVA analysis, and nested clade analysis, S. boivinii had high levels of differentiation and restricted gene flow among populations. Allopatric differentiation occurred between the Moroccan and Iberian populations of S. genistoides, although S. genistoides subsp. spectabilis and subsp. vicentinus had high levels of differentiation among populations (F_ST), whereas S. genistoides subsp. genistoides had a low F_ST. Genetic patterns are discussed in relation to the Messinian salinity crisis (MSC): hard conditions drove plants to refuge habitats along the Atlantic coast and higher altitude areas in the Moroccan mountains (S. genistoides subsp. spectabilis and S. boivinii). After the MSC, S. boivinii underwent polyploidization and expansion, whereas S. genistoides expanded and continued diversifying into S. genistoides subspp. genistoides and vicentinus.

Key Words: chloroplast microsatellites • cpSSRs • Leguminosae • Messinian salinity crisis • northern Morocco • phylogeography • southern Spain • Stauracanthus

Received for publication 16 August 2007. Accepted for publication 13 November 2007.

FOOTNOTES

¹ The authors thank S. Talavera (Sevilla, Spain) for providing material of S. genistoides and M. García (Unidad de Genómica, Parque Científico de Madrid-Universidad Complutense) for invaluable technical assistance. Funding for this work was provided by the Ministry of Education and Science of Spain (Projects REN2002-00225 and CGL2006-10392BOS) and the Spanish Agency of International Cooperation (Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, 83/04/P/E and A/2818/05). This paper benefited from the comments of anonymous reviewers and Editor-in-Chief J. Jernstedt.

⁴ Author for correspondence (e-mail: cubas{at}farm.ucm.es)

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