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Evolution of shoot apical meristem structures in vascular plants with respect to plasmodesmatal network¹

Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Japan Women's University, 8-1, Mejirodai 2-chome, Tokyo 112-8681 Japan; Division of Biology, Department of Natural Science, Jikei University, School of Medicine, 3-1, Kokuryo 8-chome, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8570, Japan

ABSTRACT

Vascular plants have evolved shoot apical meristems (SAMs), whose structures differ among plant groups. To clarify the evolutionary course of the different structural types of SAMs, we compared plasmodesmatal networks in the SAMs for 17 families and 24 species of angiosperms, gymnosperms, and pteridophytes, using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The plasmodesmata (PD) in almost all cell walls in median longitudinal sections of SAMs were counted, and the PD density per unit area was calculated for each cell wall. Angiosperm and gymnosperm SAMs have low densities, with no difference between stratified (tunica-corpus) and unstratified structures. SAMs of ferns, including Psilotum and Equisetum, have average densities that are more than three times higher than those of seed plants. Interestingly, microphyllous lycopods have both the fern and seed-plant types of PD networks; Selaginellaceae SAMs with single apical cells have high PD densities, while SAMs of Lycopodiaceae and Isoetaceae with plural initial cells have low PD densities, equivalent to those of seed plants. In summary, PD networks are strongly correlated to SAM organizations—SAMs with single and plural initial cells have the fern and seed-plant types of PD, respectively. The two SAM organizations may have evolved separately in lycophytes and euphyllophytes and may be associated with gain or loss of the ability to form secondary PD.

Key Words: ferns • lycopods • monilophytes • plasmodesmata • seed plants • shoot apical meristem • vascular plants

Received for publication November 6, 2006. Accepted for publication October 8, 2007.

FOOTNOTES

¹ The authors thank N. Moritoki for technical assistance, M. Kato of the National Science Museum and anonymous reviewers for useful comments on the manuscript, and Y. Konno of Japan Women's University for help with statistical analyses. The authors are grateful to the staff of the University of Tokyo Botanical Gardens and Korakuen Garden for providing plant materials and to H. Tsukaya of the University of Tokyo and N. Nagata of Japan Women's University for providing Huperzia serrata and Arabidopsis seeds, respectively. This study was supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (13640704) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.

⁴ Author for correspondence (e-mail: ryoko{at}fc.jwu.ac.jp )

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