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(American Journal of Botany. 2007;94:1860-1889.)
© 2007 Botanical Society of America, Inc.

Systematics and Phytogeography

Molecular phylogenetics of Maxillaria and related genera (Orchidaceae: Cymbidieae) based on combined molecular data sets1

W. Mark Whitten, Mario A. Blanco, Norris H. Williams, Samantha Koehler, Germán Carnevali, Rodrigo B. Singer, Lorena Endara and Kurt M. Neubig

Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117800, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7800 USA; Department of Botany, 220 Bartram Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-8526 USA; Jardín Botánico Lankester, Universidad de Costa Rica, Apdo. 1031–7050, Cartago, Costa Rica; Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiróz," Caixa Postal 83, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, 13400-970; Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Calle 43 No. 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97200 Mérida, Yucatán, México; Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

ABSTRACT

The orchid genus Maxillaria is one of the largest and most common of neotropical orchid genera, but its current generic boundaries and relationships have long been regarded as artificial. Phylogenetic relationships within subtribe Maxillariinae sensu Dressler (1993) with emphasis on Maxillaria s.l. were inferred using parsimony analyses of individual and combined DNA sequence data. We analyzed a combined matrix of nrITS DNA, the plastid matK gene and flanking trnK intron, and the plastid atpB-rbcL intergenic spacer for 619 individuals representing ca. 354 species. The plastid rpoC1 gene (ca. 2600 bp) was sequenced for 84 selected species and combined in a more limited analysis with the other data sets to provide greater resolution. In a well-resolved, supported consensus, most clades were present in more than one individual analysis. All the currently recognized minor genera of "core" Maxillariinae (Anthosiphon, Chrysocycnis, Cryptocentrum, Cyrtidiorchis, Mormolyca, Pityphyllum, and Trigonidium) are embedded within a polyphyletic Maxillaria s.l. Our results support the recognition of a more restricted Maxillaria, of some previously published segregate genera (Brasiliorchis, Camaridium, Christensonella, Heterotaxis, Ornithidium, Sauvetrea), and of several novel clades at the generic level. These revised monophyletic generic concepts should minimize further nomenclatural changes, encourage monographic studies, and facilitate more focused analyses of character evolution within Maxillariinae.

Key Words: atpB-rbcL spacer • matK • Maxillaria • Maxillariinae • molecular phylogenetics • nrITS • Orchidaceae • rpoC1






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