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Evolution of biogeographic disjunction between eastern Asia and eastern North America in Phryma (Phrymaceae)¹

²Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China; ³Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China; ⁴Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Campus Box 8007, Pocatello, Idaho 83209 USA; ⁵Department of Biology, Box 355325, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-5325 USA; ⁶Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, MRC 166, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012 USA; ⁷Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, China

ABSTRACT

This study examines molecular and morphological differentiation in Phryma L., which has only one species with a well-known classic intercontinental disjunct distribution between eastern Asia (EA) and eastern North America (ENA). Phylogenetic analysis of nuclear ribosomal ITS and chloroplast rps16 and trnL-F sequences revealed two highly distinct clades corresponding to EA and ENA. The divergence time between the intercontinental populations was estimated to be 3.68 ± 2.25 to 5.23 ± 1.37 million years ago (mya) based on combined chloroplast data using Bayesian and penalized likelihood methods. Phylogeographic and dispersal-vicariance (DIVA) analysis suggest a North American origin of Phryma and its migration into EA via the Bering land bridge. Multivariate analysis based on 23 quantitative morphological characters detected no geographic groups at the intercontinental level. The intercontinental populations of Phryma thus show distinct molecular divergence with little morphological differentiation. The discordance of the molecular and morphological patterns may be explained by morphological stasis due to ecological similarity in both continents. The divergence of Phryma from its close relatives in the Phrymaceae was estimated to be at least 32.32 ± 4.46 to 49.35 ± 3.18 mya.

Key Words: biogeography • intercontinental disjunction • eastern Asia • eastern North America • morphological stasis • Phryma • Phrymaceae • phylogeography

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