Am. J. Bot.
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(American Journal of Botany. 2006;93:399-411.)
© 2006 Botanical Society of America, Inc.

Systematics and Phytogeography

Molecular phylogeny of the Caryophyllaceae (Caryophyllales) inferred from chloroplast matK and nuclear rDNA ITS sequences1

Simone Fior2,5, Per Ola Karis3, Gabriele Casazza4, Luigi Minuto4 and Francesco Sala2

2Department of Biology, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy 3Department of Botany, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; 4Dip.Te.Ris., University of Genoa, 16136 Genoa, Italy

ABSTRACT

Caryophyllaceae is a principally holarctic family including around 2200 species often classified into the three subfamilies Alsinoideae, Caryophylloideae, and Paronychioideae. Complex and possibly homoplasious morphological characters within the family make taxa difficult to delimit and diagnose. To explore part of the morphological evolution within the family, we investigated the phylogeny of the Caryophyllaceae by means of analyzing plastid and nuclear sequence data with parsimony and Bayesian methods. We describe a mode of tracing a stable phylogenetic signal in ITS sequences, and a significant common signal is shared with the plastid data. Parsimony and Bayesian analyses yield some differences in tree resolution. None of the subfamilies appear monophyletic, but the monophyly of the Caryophylloideae is not contradicted. Alsinoideae are paraphyletic, with Arenaria subg. Eremogone and Minuartia subg. Spergella more closely related to the Caryophylloideae. There is strong support for the inclusion of Spergula-Spergularia in an Alsinoideae-Caryophylloideae clade. Putative synapomorphies for these groupings are twice as many stamens as number of sepals and a caryophyllad-type of embryogeny. Paronychioideae form a basal grade, where tribe Corrigioleae are sister to the rest of the family. Free styles and capsules with simple teeth are possibly plesiomorphic for the family.

Key Words: Alsinoideae • Caryophyllaceae • Caryophylloideae • ITS • matK • Paronychioideae • phylogeny






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