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Within-crown variation in the timing of leaf emergence and fall of Malaysian trees in association with crown development patterns¹

²Laboratory of Forest Ecology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; ³Nikko Botanical Garden, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Nikko, Tochigi 321-1435, Japan; ⁴National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki, Japan; ⁵Faculty of Science and Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia; ⁶Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai 980-8578, Japan

ABSTRACT

In aseasonal tropics, timing of leaf emergence and leaf fall may differ between the shoots of different crown parts within a tree. This is important for the efficient development of crowns because leaves should be produced as soon as enough carbohydrates are accumulated. This hypothesis was tested by investigating leaf demography over a 44-mo period for 17 Malaysian trees and comparing the timings of leaf emergence and fall between the upper and lower crowns. The timings of leaf emergence were synchronized between the upper and lower crowns, but those of leaf fall were less synchronized in most trees. Greater rates of leaf production in the upper than in the lower crowns were attributable to the differences in the number of leaves that emerged per leaf emergence event, rather than differences in frequency of leaf emergence per year. Timings of leaf emergence and leaf fall were mainly simultaneous in the upper and lower crowns, but unsynchronized leaf production and leaf fall also occurred. Such limited plasticity of leaf demography within crowns may be the result of physiological integration of branches or the compromise between the advantages of satiating herbivores and effective crown development in the trees of aseasonal tropics.

Key Words: crown development • leaf emergence • leaf fall • leaf phenology • Malaysia • tropical trees