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Microsatellite analysis reveals genetically distinct populations of red pine (Pinus resinosa, Pinaceae)¹

²Forest and Evolutionary Genomics Laboratory, and the Center for Structural and Functional Genomics, Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada; ³Department of Forest Science, Oregon State University, 321 Richardson Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-5752 USA

ABSTRACT

Red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) is an ecologically and economically important forest tree species of northeastern North America and is considered one of the most genetically depauperate conifer species in the region. We have isolated and characterized 13 nuclear microsatellite loci by screening a partial genomic library with di-, tri-, and tetranucleotide repeat oligonucleotide probes. In an analysis of over 500 individuals representing 17 red pine populations from Manitoba through Newfoundland, five polymorphic microsatellite loci with an average of nine alleles per locus were identified. The mean expected and observed heterozygosity values were 0.508 and 0.185, respectively. Significant departures from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium with excess homozygosity indicating high levels of inbreeding were evident in all populations studied. The population differentiation was high with 28–35% of genetic variation partitioned among populations. The genetic distance analysis showed that three northeastern (two Newfoundland and one New Brunswick) populations are genetically distinct from the remaining populations. The coalescence-based analysis suggests that "northeastern" and "main" populations likely became isolated during the most recent Pleistocene glacial period, and severe population bottlenecks may have led to the evolution of a highly selfing mating system in red pine.

Key Words: genetic bottleneck • genetic diversity • microsatellites • Pinus • Pleistocene refugia • population genetics • Postglacial colonization

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