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Phylogenetic analysis of Pinguicula (Lentibulariaceae): chloroplast DNA sequences and morphology support several geographically distinct radiations¹

²University of Reims, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, BP 1039, 51100 Reims Cedex 02, France; ³University of Western Sydney, Centre for Horticulture and Plant Sciences, Locked bag 1797, Penrith South DC, NSW 1797, Australia; ⁴Nees-Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, 53115 Bonn, Germany; ⁵University of Bern, IAWF, Inselspital 37a, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; ⁶Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney, Molecular Systematics Laboratory, National Herbarium of NSW, Sydney NSW 2000, Australia; ⁷Laboratory of Plant Biology of Aromatic and Medicinal Herbs, EA 3061, 23 rue du Dr Paul Michelon, University Jean Monnet, 43023 Saint Etienne Cedex 2, France

ABSTRACT

The genus Pinguicula is one of the three genera of the carnivorous Lentibulariaceae, comprising approximately 80 species. Phylogeny inference using nucleotide sequences of the chloroplast gene matK and the trnK group II intron, as well as a set of 32 morphological characters revealed five well-supported, major lineages within the genus. These lineages largely reflect radiations in clearly defined geographic regions, whereas most previously recognized sections of the genus are shown to be para- or polyphyletic. A species-rich Mexican-Central American-Caribbean clade has the Eurasian P. alpina and an East Asian clade as successive sisters. All three are characterized by a production of flower buds on winter-resting plants, a specific corolla hair structure and a very large corolla lower central lobe. Another diverse clade is composed of species with primarily European distribution including the widespread type species P. vulgaris. For this clade, vegetative reproduction during dormancy is synapomorphic. Species native to SE North America and the South American Andes and a group of Mediterranean and NE Atlantic coast species together appear in a fifth well-supported clade, that is characterized by a tropical-type growth habit. It is the only clade that has reached temperate zones of the southern hemisphere.

Key Words: Lamiales • Lentibulariaceae • matK/trnK • morphology • northern hemisphere biogeography • Pinguicula

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