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Northern hemisphere biogeography of Cerastium (Caryophyllaceae): insights from phylogenetic analysis of noncoding plastidnucleotide sequences¹

²Botanical Garden, Natural History Museums and Botanical Garden, University of Oslo, P.O. 1172 Blindern,N-0318 Oslo, Norway; ³National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museums and Botanical Garden, University of Oslo, P.O. 1172 Blindern, N-0318 Oslo, Norway; ⁴Department of Botany, University of Florida, P.O. 118526, Gainesville, Florida 32611-5826 USA; ⁵Florida Museum of Natural History, P.O. 117800, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7800 USA

Phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of the genus Cerastium were studied using sequences of three noncoding plastid DNA regions (trnL intron, trnL-trnF spacer, and psbA-trnH spacer). A total of 57 Cerastium taxa was analyzed using two species of the putative sister genus Stellaria as outgroups. Maximum parsimony analyses identified four clades that largely corresponded to previously recognized infrageneric groups. The results suggest an Old World origin and at least two migration events into North America from the Old World. The first event possibly took place across the Bering land bridge during the Miocene. Subsequent colonization of South America occurred after the North and South American continents joined during the Pliocene. A more recent migration event into North America probably across the northern Atlantic took place during the Quaternary, resulting in the current circumpolar distribution of the Arctic species. Molecular clock dating of major biogeographic events was internally consistent on the phylogenetic trees. The arctic high-polyploid species form a polytomy together with some boreal and temperate species of the C. tomentosum group and the C. arvense group. Lack of genetic variation among the arctic species probably indicates a recent origin. The annual life form is shown to be of polyphyletic origin.

Key Words: biogeography • Cerastium • cpDNA • molecular phylogeny • Northern Hemisphere • psbA-trnH • support weighting • trnL-trnF

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