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Anatomy and Morphology |
2Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba Norin, P.O. 16, Ibaraki 305–8687, Japan; 3Department of Forest Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060–8589, Japan; 4Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-Tokyo 183–8509, Japan
The three-dimensional (3-D) arrangement of vessels and the vessel-to-vessel connections in the secondary xylem of the stem of the ring-porous hardwood tree Fraxinus lanuginosa were studied in series of thick transverse sections with epifluorescence microscope and confocal laser scanning microscope. Vessels were traced in sequential sections, and vessel networks were reconstructed in two segments of wood with dimensions of 2 x 1.4 x 21.2 mm3 and 2 x 1.4 x 5.8 mm3 (tangential x radial x axial). The arrangement of vessels and intervessel pits were visualized by scanning electron microscopy in low-density polyethylene microcasts and on exposed tangential faces of growth-ring boundaries. The vessels deviated from the stem axis in the tangential direction and, to a lesser extent, in the radial direction. Some neighboring vessels were twisted around each other. Vessels that appeared solitary in single sections were found to be sequentially contiguous with a number of other vessels, forming networks that extended in the tangential direction and across growth-ring boundaries. In the 21.2-mm wood block, all earlywood vessels at the growth-ring boundary made contact with latewood vessels in the previous tree ring. Within a growth ring however, only a single contact was observed between individual earlywood and latewood vessels. Densely arranged intervessel pits were characteristic in the regions where adjacent vessels made contact with each other. Such bordered pits were abundant in the tangential walls of vessel elements adjacent to growth-ring boundaries. Therefore, bordered pits appear to provide the pathway for the radial transport of water via the vessel network across growth-ring borders. Fiber-tracheids, observed as terminal cells in the tree rings, might also contribute to the apoplastic transfer of water across ring borders.
Key Words: bordered pit • Fraxinus lanuginosa • hydraulic architecture • resin casting • ring-porous wood • vessels
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