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Phylogenetics of the genus Scaevola (Goodeniaceae): implication for dispersal patterns across the Pacific Basin and colonization of the Hawaiian Islands¹

²Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, Osborn Memorial Laboratories, P.O. Box 208106, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 USA; and ³Department of Systematic Botany, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Aarhus, Nordlandsvej 68, DK-8240 Risskov, Denmark; ⁴Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 USA; and ⁵The Lewis B. and Dorothy Cullman Program for Molecular Systematics Studies, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458-5126 USA

Scaevola, the only genus of Goodeniaceae that has extensively radiated outside of Australia, has dispersed throughout the Pacific Basin, with a few species reaching the tropical coastal areas of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Five Australian and most of the non-Australian species are placed in Scaevola section Scaevola based on their fleshy fruits, indeterminate inflorescences, and more arborescent habits. Analyses of ITS sequence data demonstrate that Scaevola is a monophyletic group if S. collaris is excluded and Diaspasis filifolia is included. The genus is Australian in origin, but there have been at least six separate dispersal events from Australia. Four of these dispersals each resulted in single extra-Australian species. The remaining two were followed by radiations that gave rise to large groups, each including one of the widespread strand species, S. taccada and S. plumieri. Remarkably, three of the six dispersals established species on the remote Hawaiian Archipelago, representing at present the largest number of colonizations by any flowering plant genus to these islands.

Key Words: Australia • dispersal • Goodeniaceae • Hawaiian Islands • ITS • Pacific biogeography • Scaevola

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