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Family-level relationships of Onagraceae based on chloroplast rbcL and ndhF data¹

²Department of Systematic Biology, Botany, MRC 166, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012 USA; ³Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri 63166-0299 USA; ⁴Department of Biology, 177 Churchill-Haines, University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark St., Vermillion, South Dakota 57069-2390 USA; ⁵Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1579 USA; ⁶Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 USA

Despite intensive morphological and molecular studies of Onagraceae, relationships within the family are not fully understood. One drawback of previous analyses is limited sampling within the large tribe Onagreae. In addition, the monophyly of two species-rich genera in Onagreae, Camissonia and Oenothera, has never been adequately tested. To understand relationships within Onagraceae, test the monophyly of these two genera, and ascertain the affinities of the newly discovered genus Megacorax, we conducted parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses with rbcL and ndhF sequence data for 24 taxa representing all 17 Onagraceae genera and two outgroup Lythraceae. Results strongly support a monophyletic Onagraceae, with Ludwigia as the basal lineage and a sister-taxon relationship between Megacorax and Lopezia. Gongylocarpus is supported as sister to Epilobieae plus the rest of Onagreae, although relationships within the latter clade have limited resolution. Thus, we advocate placement of Gongylocarpus in a monogeneric tribe, Gongylocarpeae. Most relationships within Onagreae are weakly resolved, suggesting a rapid diversification of this group in western North America. Neither Camissonia nor Oenothera appears to be monophyletic; however, increased taxon sampling is needed to clarify those relationships. Morphological characters generally agree with the molecular data, providing further support for relationships.

Key Words: Camissonia • Megacorax • ndhF • Oenothera • Onagraceae • Onagreae • phylogeny • rbcL

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