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(American Journal of Botany. 2002;89:1756-1763.)
© 2002 Botanical Society of America, Inc.

Phycology

Novel morphology in Enteromorpha (Ulvophyceae) forming green tides1

Jaanika Blomster2,5, Saara Bäck, David P. Fewer4, Mikko Kiirikki3, Annamaija Lehvo3, Christine A. Maggs2,6 and Michael J. Stanhope2,7

2School of Biology and Biochemistry, Queen's University, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK; 3Finnish Environment Institute, P.O. Box 140, 00251 Helsinki, Finland; 4Department of Microbiology, P.O. Box 56, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland

"Green tides" are vast accumulations of unattached green macroalgae associated with eutrophicated marine environments. They have major ecological and economic impacts globally, so an understanding of their origin and persistence is required in order to make management decisions. Blooms predominantly consist of two common fouling genera of the Ulvales, Ulva (distromatic sheets) and Enteromorpha (monostromatic tubes). In the Baltic Sea and elsewhere green tides have increased over the last few decades. On the west coast of Finland, summer blooms consist of monostromatic sheets resembling Monostroma (Codiolales). We identified these as Enteromorpha intestinalis by comparative analyses of rDNA internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1), 5.8S, and ITS2 sequences, the first time monostromatic sheets have been found in the genus Enteromorpha. Ordinary attached E. intestinalis sporulated freely in culture, but the sheets reproduced only by cell regeneration into typical tubular thalli. The ITS sequences were identical to those of attached E. intestinalis populations in southwestern Finland, but differed by two substitutions from other Baltic sequences. We infer that this bloom originated from local attached populations and now reproduces clonally by fragmentation. This study provides further evidence of radical changes in gross morphology of green algae under eutrophicated conditions and the need for molecular identification.

Key Words: Baltic Sea • Chlorophyta • Enteromorpha intestinalis • green tides • ITS sequences • monostromatic • morphology • phylogenetic analysis • Ulvophyceae






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