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Partitioning and diversity of nuclear and organelle markers in native and introduced populations of Epipactis helleborine (Orchidaceae)¹

²Division of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK ³Royal Botanic Garden, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, UK ⁴Botany Department, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK ⁵The Professional Training Service, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5 Canada ⁶174 rue Jolicoeur, Hull, Québec, J8Z 1C9 Canada ⁷Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1000 Washington Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11225-1099 USA

Variability of allozymes (1170 individuals, 47 populations) and chloroplast DNA (692 individuals, 29 populations) was examined in native European and introduced North American populations of Epipactis helleborine (Orchidaceae). At the species level, the percentage of allozyme loci that were polymorphic (P₉₉) was 67%, with a mean of 2.11 alleles (A) per locus, and an expected heterozygosity (H_exp) of 0.294. At the population level, mean P₉₉ = 56%, mean A = 1.81, and mean H_exp = 0.231. Although field observations suggest that self-pollination occurs frequently, populations had a genetic structure consistent with Hardy-Weinberg expectations and random mating (mean F_IS = 0.002). There was significant deviation from panmixia associated with population differentiation (mean F_ST = 0.206). The distribution of two chloroplast haplotypes showed that 15 of the 29 populations were polymorphic. Using both nuclear and organelle F_ST estimates, a pollen to seed flow ratio of 1.43 : 1 was calculated. This is very low compared with published estimates for other plant groups, consistent with the high dispersability of orchid seeds. Finally, there was no evidence for a genetic bottleneck associated with the introduction of E. helleborine to North America.

Key Words: allozymes • chloroplast DNA • colonization • founder effects • F_ST • pollen to seed flow ratio

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