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Family- and population-level responses to atmospheric CO₂ concentration: gas exchange and the allocation of C, N, and biomass in Plantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae)¹

²Michigan State University, W.K. Kellogg Biological Station, 3700 E. Gull Lake Drive, Hickory Corners, Michigan 49060 USA ³The Ohio State University, Department of Plant Biology, Columbus Ohio 43210 USA ⁴The University of Michigan Biological Station, Pellston, Michigan 49769 USA

To ascertain the inheritance of responses to changing atmospheric CO₂ content, we partitioned response to elevated CO₂ in Plantago lanceolata between families and populations in 18 families in two populations. Plants were grown in 35 Pa and 71 Pa partial pressure of CO₂ (pCO₂) in open-top chambers. We measured above- and belowground mass, carbon (C), nitrogen (N), hexose sugar, and gas exchange properties in both CO₂ treatments. Families within populations differed in mass, mass allocation, root : shoot ratios, aboveground percentage N, C : N ratio, and gas exchange properties. The CO₂ x family interaction is the main indicator of potential evolutionary responses to changing CO₂. Significant CO₂ x family interactions were observed for N content, C : N ratio, and photosynthetic rate (A: instantaneous light-saturated carbon assimilation capacity), intercellular CO₂ concentration, transpiration rate (E), and water use efficiency (WUE = A/E), but not for stomatal conductance. Families differed significantly in acclimation across time. The ratio of A in elevated vs. ambient growth CO₂, when measured at a common internal CO₂ partial pressure was 0.79, indicating down-regulation of A under CO₂ enrichment. Mass, C : N ratio, percentage, C (%C), and soluble sugar all increased significantly but overall %N did not change. Increases in %C and sugar were significant and were coincident with redistribution of N aboveground. The observed variation among populations and families in response to CO₂ is evidence of genetic variation in response and therefore of the potential for novel evolutionary trajectories with rising atmospheric CO₂.

Key Words: biomass allocation • elevated CO₂ • gas exchange • genetic variation • nitrogen assimilation • photosynthesis • Plantago lanceolata • Plantaginaceae

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