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Multiple origins of sequestrate fungi related to Cortinarius (Cortinariaceae)¹

²Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 USA; ³CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products, P.O. Box 5, Wembley, Western Australia 6913; ⁴USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 3200 Jefferson Way, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 USA; ⁵Institute of Microbiology, Leopold Franzens-University Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; and ⁶Department of Forest Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-7501 USA

The aim of the present study was to investigate the phylogeny and evolution of sequestrate fungi (with gastroid or partially exposed basidiomes) in relation to their gilled relatives from the Cortinariaceae (Basidiomycetes). Phylogenetic analyses of 151 ITS sequences from 77 gilled species and 37 sequestrate taxa were performed using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood methods. Results show that sequestrate basidiome forms occur in all three major ectomycorrhizal lineages of Cortinariaceae: the clades Cortinarius, Hebeloma/Hymenogaster/Naucoria, and Descolea. However, these forms do not appear within the saprobic outgroup Gymnopilus, indicating multiple origins of sequestrate forms from ectomycorrhizal ancestors. Additionally, within the Cortinarius clade sequestrate forms have multiple origins: emergent Cortinarius spp., Thaxterogaster, Quadrispora, Protoglossum, and two Hymenogaster spp. (H. remyi, H. sublilacinus) share common ancestors with Cortinarius spp., but these sequestrate genera are not closely related to each other (with exception of Thaxterogaster and Quadrispora). Hymenogaster sensu stricto, Setchelliogaster, and Descomyces were placed in the two other major clades. Thus, sequestrate taxa evolved independently many times within brown-spored Agaricales. Furthermore, emergent, secotioid, and gastroid forms have evolved independently from each other, and so are not necessarily intermediate forms. After their establishment, these apparently morphologically stable taxa show a tendency to radiate.

Key Words: Cortinarius • Descomyces • Descolea • Hymenogaster • phylogeny • Protoglossum • Thaxterogaster • Quadrispora

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