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2 Oregon State University, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-2902 USA; 3 University of California at Berkeley, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, 111 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, California 94720-3102 USA; and 4 University of California at Berkeley, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, 111 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, California 94720-3102 USA
We have sampled the mycorrhizal roots of 76 snow plants (Sarcodes sanguinea, Monotropoideae, Ericaceae) in two areas of the Sierra Nevada of California that are 
180 km apart. To identify the fungal symbionts associated with these plants, we first analyzed restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of the fungal nuclear ribosomal repeat. Fungal ITS-RFLPs were successfully produced from 57 of the 76 plants sampled, and all symbionts shared the same DNA fragment pattern. The morphology of S. sanguinea mycorrhizae was consistent with that expected from a Rhizopogon species in section Amylopogon. To confirm and refine this identification, a total of six fungal ITS sequences were determined from S. sanguinea mycorrhizae. These sequences were analyzed together with eight existing and eight newly determined ITS sequences from Rhizopogon section Amylopogon. The newly determined sequences include an ITS sequence from the fungal symbiont of pine drops (Pterospora andromedea, Monotropoideae, Ericaceae), a plant that was previously reported to be exclusively associated with the Rhizopogon subcaerulescens group. When these sequences were analyzed together, the Sarcodes symbionts grouped tightly with several collections of R. ellenae including the holotype, one collection of R. idahoensis, and one collection of R. semireticulatus. A different lineage comprised collections of R. subgelatinosus, R. subcaerulescens, another collection of R. semireticulatus, and the Pterospora symbiont. We conclude that S. sanguinea associates exclusively with a single species in the R. ellenae species complex throughout our sampling range. These results indicate a much higher level of specificity in S. sanguinea than was previously reported and confirm the emerging pattern that nonphotosynthetic, monotropoid plants generally associate very specifically with a narrow range of ectomycorrhizal fungi.
Key Words: monotropoid mycorrhizae • Pterospora andromedea • Rhizopogon • Sarcodes sanguinea • specificity (host)
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