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Inbreeding, outbreeding, and heterosis in the yellow pitcher plant, Sarracenia flava (Sarraceniaceae), in Virginia¹

² Meadowview Biological Research Station, 8390 Fredericksburg Tnpk., Woodford, Virginia 22580 USA; ³ Blackwater Ecologic Preserve, Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529-0266 USA; and ⁴ Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008 USA

The yellow pitcher plant, Sarracenia flava, is an insectivorous plant restricted to fire-maintained wetland ecosystems in southeastern Virginia. Only four natural sites remain in the state totaling fewer than 100 clumps. Plants from sites located in Dinwiddie, Greensville, Prince George, Sussex counties, and the city of Suffolk were tested for the effects of self-pollination, intrasite outcrossing, and intersite outcrossing on offspring quantity (total seed number and total seed mass) and offspring quality (avarage seed mass, germination, and growth).

Self-pollination resulted in significantly lower offspring quantity and quality. Total seed number and total seed mass for self-pollinated capsules were approximately one-fourth that of outcrossed capsules. Germination, survivorship, and growth over 5 yr were also significantly lower for offspring from self-pollinated capsules. Together, these results suggest strong inbreeding depression in this species.

Relative to offspring from intrasite crosses, offspring from intersite crosses were significantly larger after 5 yr of growth. This suggests that restoration efforts for Virginia S. flava will be most successful when plants from multiple sites are used.

Key Words: carnivorous plant • inbreeding • outbreeding • pitcher plant • Sarracenia • Sarraceniaceae

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