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American Journal of Botany, Vol 85, 736, Copyright © 1998 by Botanical Society of America, Inc.
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S Koptur, V Rico-Gray and M Palacios-Rios
Nectaries on fronds of Polypodium spp. have been studied previously only in cultivated specimens. We conducted field observations in middle-elevation forests in Mexico and found five ant species associated with nectaries of Polypodium plebeium and P. lepidotrichum. To investigate whether nectaries promote protection against herbivores, we performed ant-exclusion experiments with nectary-bearing ferns (P. plebeium) and other ferns without nectaries (Polypodium plesiosorum, P. furfuraceum, and Phlebodium pseudoaureum). When ants were excluded from the developing fronds of Polypodium plebeium, damage from foliage-feeding sawfly and lepidopteran caterpillars was significantly greater than in control fronds. Ferns without nectaries did not show a difference in damage between ant-excluded and control fronds. Our results demonstrate that fern nectaries can support ant defense of the plant body as do the extrafloral nectaries of many angiosperms.
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M. Heil, T. Koch, A. Hilpert, B. Fiala, W. Boland, and K. E. Linsenmair Extrafloral nectar production of the ant-associated plant, Macaranga tanarius, is an induced, indirect, defensive response elicited by jasmonic acid PNAS, January 30, 2001; 98(3): 1083 - 1088. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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